Nokea
The primary action of loop diuretics is to:
- A. Inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle.
- B. Block aldosterone receptors in the distal tubule.
- C. Increase osmolarity of the renal tubular fluid.
- D. Inhibit sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Loop diuretics like furosemide inhibit Na+/Cl- reabsorption in the loop of Henle, increasing urine output.
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NSAIDs combat fever by inhibiting which prostaglandin?
- A. Prostaglandin E2
- B. Prostaglandin I2
- C. Prostaglandin D2
- D. Prostaglandin F2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prostaglandin E2 mediates fever in the hypothalamus; NSAIDs reduce fever by inhibiting its synthesis.
Ray has been diagnosed with hypertension and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor is determined to be needed. Prior to prescribing this drug, the NP should assess for:
- A. Hypokalemia
- B. Impotence
- C. Decreased renal function
- D. Inability to concentrate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: ACE inhibitors can worsen renal function, necessitating baseline assessment.
Education of patients who are taking warfarin includes discussing their diet. Instructions include:
- A. Avoiding all vitamin K-containing foods
- B. Avoiding high-vitamin K-containing foods
- C. Increasing intake of iron-containing foods
- D. Making sure they eat 35 grams of fiber daily
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: High vitamin K foods antagonize warfarin; total avoidance is unnecessary, and iron or fiber aren't relevant.
Felicity has been prescribed colestipol to treat her hyperlipidemia. Unlike other anti-lipidemics, this drug:
- A. Blocks synthesis of cholesterol in the liver
- B. Exchanges chloride ions for negatively charged acids in the bowel
- C. Increases HDL levels the most among the classes
- D. Blocks the lipoprotein lipase pathway
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Colestipol, a bile acid resin, binds bile acids in the bowel.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using oral drugs
- A. First pass effect
- B. Low bioavailability
- C. Overdose overcome by antidotes
- D. A and B
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Oral drugs face the first-pass effect and often have lower bioavailability due to liver metabolism, making D (A and B) the correct combined disadvantage.