Nokea
What is the essence of motivational interviewing?
- A. That change strategies must exactly match the patient's motivation
- B. That behavioural change is impossible if the patient does not want it
- C. That the counsellor motivates the patient to change and increases patient involvement
- D. That the patient's motives to show unhealthy behaviour are systematically analysed
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Motivational interviewing counsellor sparks, pulls patients in, not rigid matches, impossibles, or motive digs. Nurses roll this, a chronic engagement art.
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Which of the following is FALSE about brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)?
- A. Plasma levels of BNP often correspond to the severity of underlying cardiac dysfunction and can provide relatively reliable prognostic information
- B. It is secreted in response by the atria and ventricles in response to stretching for increased wall tension
- C. Obesity, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, angiotensin receptor antagonists, and aldosterone antagonists can lead to falsely high levels of BNP
- D. Common conditions that may falsely elevate plasma BNP levels include age and significant renal dysfunction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: BNP reflects cardiac dysfunction severity and wall tension response true. Age and renal dysfunction elevate BNP falsely true. However, obesity, diuretics, ACEi, beta blockers, ARBs, and MRAs lower BNP (obesity reduces secretion, drugs reduce tension), not raise it making this false. High BNP (>1,000 pg/mL) signals poor prognosis. This corrects BNP interpretation in chronic HF.
What is the relationship between hyperlipidaemia and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)?
- A. Hyperlipidaemia contributes to the development of NASH
- B. NASH contributes to the development of hyperlipidaemia
- C. There is no relationship between hyperlipidaemia and NASH
- D. Answers 1 and 2 are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: NASH and hyperlipidaemia dance both ways high lipids pile fat, NASH pumps them back, a chronic loop. No split or null fits nurses track this lipid-liver ping-pong.
Which of the following statements is true related to nonmodifiable risk factors for chronic illness?
- A. Cannot be changed
- B. Requires intervention in order to change
- C. Can be altered to benefit health outcomes
- D. Can be changed with client perseverance
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nonmodifiable risk factors age, genes stay put, no tweak possible, a chronic base nurses work around. Intervention, alteration, or grit shift smoking or weight, not these locks. Knowing what's fixed guides focus elsewhere, a bedrock truth in illness planning.
A 56 year old lady with Type 2 DM and a BMI of 30 kg/m2 is reviewed by her family doctor due to poor glycaemic control. She is treated with oral gliclazide since she is diagnosed as diabetic and currently she is on 160 mg bid. Her serum creatinine is 110 μmol/L. Which ONE of the following medications should be most appropriately to be added next?
- A. Metformin
- B. Acarbose
- C. Pioglitazone
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Gliclazide maxed, HbA1c off metformin's next, safe at creatinine 110 (eGFR likely 50+), tackling insulin resistance in obesity. Acarbose slows carbs, pioglitazone risks fluid, insulin's later, linagliptin's fine but less foundational. Nurses add this chronic sugar anchor, boosting control without kidney strain.
Clients with chronic illness want the health care system to provide them with which of the following?
- A. Less information
- B. Less travel time
- C. Ways to adjust to disease consequences
- D. Limited information on ways to cope with their symptoms
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic folks crave adaptation tools handling fear, sleep woes, or sex shifts not less info or travel ease. Nurses deliver this, a lifeline for illness' long tail, not just quick fixes.