Nokea
Prenatally malnourished babies frequently __________.
- A. reject breast milk
- B. have enlarged hearts
- C. catch respiratory illnesses
- D. have a higher-than-average birth weight
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Prenatally malnourished babies frequently catch respiratory illnesses. Malnourished babies have weakened immune systems, making them more susceptible to illnesses such as respiratory infections. This is a common consequence that is observed in babies who did not receive adequate nutrition during the prenatal period. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. While malnourished babies may have feeding challenges, rejecting breast milk is not a common consequence. Enlarged hearts are not typically associated with prenatal malnutrition, and having a higher-than-average birth weight is unlikely in malnourished babies.
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According to operant conditioning theory, __________.
- A. the frequency of a behavior can be increased through punishment, such as disapproval
- B. normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation
- C. the id develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society
- D. the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: According to operant conditioning theory, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers. In operant conditioning, behaviors are shaped through reinforcement, which can be positive (rewarding) or negative (removal of something unpleasant). By providing reinforcement following a behavior, the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future is increased. This supports the notion that the frequency of a behavior can be increased by using reinforcers in operant conditioning. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because operant conditioning focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences through reinforcement (positive or negative) to increase the likelihood of the behavior recurring, rather than punishment, cultural influences, or the development of the id based on societal values.
Lily weighed 8 pounds and was 21 inches long at birth. She was __________ than the average baby.
- A. heavier but shorter
- B. heavier and longer
- C. lighter but longer
- D. lighter and shorter
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lily weighed 8 pounds and was 21 inches long at birth. Being both heavier and longer than average babies typically are at birth, Lily would be considered heavier and longer compared to the average baby. This makes choice B, 'heavier and longer,' the correct answer. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because Lily was not shorter or lighter than the average baby at birth.
A theory of development __________.
- A. illustrates the ultimate truth about human behavior
- B. describes, explains, and predicts behavior
- C. explains all aspects of human growth
- D. does not require scientific verification
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A theory of development describes, explains, and predicts behavior. It provides a framework for understanding how individuals grow and change over time. The purpose of a theory is not to illustrate ultimate truth or explain all aspects of human growth, but rather to help researchers and practitioners make sense of and predict human behavior. Theories are expected to be tested and refined through scientific verification. Choice A is incorrect because theories do not necessarily illustrate ultimate truth. Choice C is incorrect as theories focus on behavior and development, not all aspects of human growth. Choice D is incorrect because scientific verification is essential for theories to be valid and reliable.
The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is __________.
- A. static and stable
- B. multidimensional and multidirectional
- C. continuous, rather than discontinuous
- D. largely the result of heredity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is multidimensional and multidirectional. This means that development occurs in various domains (such as physical, cognitive, and psychosocial) and can involve gains and losses as individuals age. This perspective recognizes that human development is complex and dynamic, involving various factors and pathways over the course of a person's life. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because human development is not static and stable (A), can involve both continuous and discontinuous changes (C), and is influenced by a combination of heredity and environment rather than solely by heredity (D).
In a structured observation, each participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest because the researcher designs a specific set of conditions or tasks for all participants to engage in, providing a standardized environment for observation.
- A. clinical interview
- B. naturalistic observation
- C. structured observation
- D. case study
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In a structured observation, each participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest because the researcher designs a specific set of conditions or tasks for all participants to engage in, providing a standardized environment for observation. This allows for fair and equitable observations across all participants, ensuring that each individual has the same opportunities to exhibit the behavior being studied.
Choice A, clinical interview, typically involves a one-on-one interaction between a researcher and a participant focusing on collecting information through questions and answers, not providing equal opportunities for behavior display.
Choice B, naturalistic observation, involves observing individuals in their natural environment without intervention or manipulation of conditions, which may not always ensure equal opportunities for behavior display.
Choice D, case study, focuses on in-depth analysis of a single individual or a small group, providing detailed information but not necessarily ensuring equal opportunities for behavior display among participants.