Nokea
The third stage of labor lasts about __________.
- A. 5 to 10 minutes
- B. 20 to 50 minutes
- C. 4 to 6 hours
- D. 12 to 14 hours
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 5 to 10 minutes. The third stage of labor typically lasts about 5 to 10 minutes. This stage begins after the baby is born and ends when the placenta is delivered. It is the shortest stage of labor compared to the first and second stages. Choice B, 20 to 50 minutes, is incorrect as it is too long for the duration of the third stage. Choice C, 4 to 6 hours, and Choice D, 12 to 14 hours, are also incorrect as they are significantly longer than the actual duration of the third stage of labor.
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The more alcohol a woman consumes during pregnancy, the __________.
- A. higher the birth weight of the child
- B. greater the likelihood of ARND instead of FAS or p-FAS
- C. poorer the child's achievement scores in the school years
- D. greater the child's speed of information processing
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'poorer the child's achievement scores in the school years.' Prenatal exposure to alcohol has been linked to a range of cognitive and behavioral difficulties, including lower academic achievement in children. These difficulties may manifest as poor achievement scores in later school years. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because alcohol consumption during pregnancy is not associated with higher birth weight of the child, the likelihood of ARND instead of FAS or p-FAS, or greater speed of information processing in the child.
Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by __________.
- A. practice effects
- B. participant dropout
- C. sequential timing
- D. cohort effects
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Cross-sectional studies can be threatened by cohort effects because different age groups may have experienced different historical or social contexts, influencing the results. This disparity can lead to invalid comparisons between age groups, confounding the study's findings. Option A, practice effects, refer to changes in participants' behavior due to repeated testing, not a specific threat to cross-sectional studies. Participant dropout (Option B) is a threat related to attrition in longitudinal studies, not cross-sectional studies. Sequential timing (Option C) does not pose a threat to cross-sectional studies; instead, it refers to the order of tasks in a study design.
Dr. Rizvi studies the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns. She is part of a group of researchers from the fields of psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine. This approach to development is known as __________.
- A. behaviorism
- B. cognitive-development theory
- C. the information-processing approach
- D. developmental cognitive neuroscience
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dr. Rizvi's approach to development, involving studying the relationship between changes in the brain and cognitive processing and behavior patterns, aligns with developmental cognitive neuroscience. This field combines research from various disciplines to understand how brain development influences cognitive processes and behaviors. Choice A, behaviorism, focuses on observable behaviors influenced by external stimuli. Choice B, cognitive-development theory, emphasizes cognitive growth stages. Choice C, the information-processing approach, centers on how individuals perceive, store, and retrieve information.
What is a major strength of the clinical interview?
- A. Makes comparing individuals' responses very easy
- B. Can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period
- C. Is directed toward understanding a culture or distinct social group
- D. Allows researchers to see the behavior of interest as it occurs in natural settings
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The major strength of the clinical interview is that it can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period. This allows researchers to gather detailed data about an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors efficiently. Choice A is incorrect because the clinical interview focuses on gathering information from individuals rather than comparing their responses. Choice C is incorrect as clinical interviews are primarily aimed at understanding individuals rather than cultures or social groups. Choice D is incorrect as it describes a strength of naturalistic observations, not clinical interviews.
Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that __________.
- A. change in response to influential experiences is possible
- B. heredity, rather than the environment, influences behavior
- C. individuals who are high in anxiety as children will remain so at later ages
- D. early experiences establish a lifelong pattern of behavior
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that change in response to influential experiences is possible. They argue that individuals have the capacity to adapt and change their behavior based on their experiences, rather than being limited by genetic predispositions or early childhood experiences. This perspective highlights the importance of environmental influences in shaping behavior and development. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the concept of plasticity, which emphasizes the flexibility and adaptability of individuals in response to their experiences, rather than being fixed by heredity, childhood traits, or early experiences.