Nokea
Which Apgar criterion can be more difficult to apply to newborns of all races?
- A. pink color
- B. reflex irritability
- C. limp muscle tone
- D. strong breathing
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Among the Apgar criteria, the pink color (choice A), reflex irritability (choice B), and limp muscle tone (choice C) are relatively easy to assess in newborns of all races. However, the criterion that can be more difficult to apply to newborns of all races is strong breathing (choice D). This is because evaluating the strength of a newborn's breathing can be more subjective and require careful observation. Unlike the other criteria that have more visible and objective indicators, assessing the strength of breathing might vary based on the observer's interpretation, making it more challenging to apply universally.
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What is largely responsible for the worldwide rise in cesarean deliveries?
- A. Use of natural or prepared childbirth
- B. Use of a doula
- C. Medical control over childbirth
- D. Apgar testing
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Medical control over childbirth is largely responsible for the worldwide rise in cesarean deliveries. Cesarean deliveries are often performed due to various medical interventions such as monitoring the progress of labor, fetal distress, and other complications that may arise during childbirth. The increasing use of medical interventions and technology has contributed to the higher rate of cesarean deliveries globally. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not directly involve the decision-making and interventions typically carried out by medical professionals during childbirth, which are major factors leading to the rise in cesarean deliveries.
G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, __________.
- A. discovered that prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species
- B. launched the normative approach
- C. constructed the first standardized intelligence test
- D. were the forefathers of psychoanalytic theory
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, launched the normative approach. This approach involves studying large numbers of people of different ages and examining the age-related averages of behaviors to establish norms or typical development patterns. These scholars focused on the systematic observation of how and when certain behaviors appear in children. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the contributions of G. Stanley Hall and Arnold Gesell in the field of developmental psychology.
Which state of arousal is considered the most fleeting?
- A. Regular sleep
- B. REM sleep
- C. Drowsiness
- D. Quiet alertness
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Quiet alertness is indeed the most fleeting state of arousal. This state is characterized by a newborn infant being awake, calm, and attentive, but it is short-lived and transitions quickly to other states of arousal. Regular sleep, REM sleep, and drowsiness are not considered as brief and transitional as quiet alertness in newborn infants.
In an investigation of over 120,000 New York City births, babies born even 1 to 2 weeks early __________ than children who experienced a full-length prenatal period.
- A. showed lower reading and math scores at a third-grade follow-up
- B. were less likely to suffer from childhood obesity
- C. were less likely to suffer from neurological impairments
- D. showed higher language and social/emotional scores in early childhood
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In the investigation of over 120,000 New York City births, babies born even 1 to 2 weeks early showed lower reading and math scores at a third-grade follow-up compared to children who experienced a full-length prenatal period. This suggests that being born slightly premature can have an impact on cognitive development, leading to educational challenges later on. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the study specifically highlighted lower reading and math scores, not a reduced likelihood of suffering from childhood obesity or neurological impairments, or improved language and social/emotional scores in early childhood.
Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception __________.
- A. can alter gene expression
- B. can cause fetal alcohol syndrome
- C. is linked to blood vessel abnormalities
- D. has no negative effect on the developing organism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception can alter gene expression. This means that paternal alcohol consumption can potentially impact the genes and genetic materials passed on to offspring, affecting their development and health. Choice B is incorrect because fetal alcohol syndrome is typically associated with maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, not paternal alcohol use around conception. Choice C is incorrect as there is no direct link between paternal alcohol use and blood vessel abnormalities. Choice D is incorrect as paternal alcohol use can indeed have negative effects on the developing organism, particularly through altering gene expression.