Nokea
The discontinuous view of development holds that __________.
- A. infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do
- B. growth is the process of gradually augmenting the skills that were present from the beginning
- C. infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
- D. development is a smooth process limited only by a lack of information and precision
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The discontinuous view of development holds that infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. This perspective suggests that development is not a continuous or smooth process, but rather occurs in distinct stages or phases marked by qualitative differences in abilities and behaviors. This contrasts with the idea that development is a gradual augmentation of skills present from the beginning (choice B) or that infants and preschoolers respond to the world in the same way as adults (choice A). Choice D is incorrect because the discontinuous view does not consider development as a smooth process limited by a lack of information and precision. Ultimately, the discontinuous view emphasizes the distinct and evolving nature of development across the lifespan.
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In healthy, physically fit women, regular moderate to vigorous exercise during pregnancy is related to __________.
- A. lower birth weight and higher risk of premature birth
- B. suppressed development of the immune system
- C. serious damage to the central nervous system
- D. improved fetal cardiovascular functioning
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In healthy, physically fit women, regular moderate to vigorous exercise during pregnancy is related to improved fetal cardiovascular functioning. Regular exercise has been shown to benefit both the mother and baby by promoting better cardiovascular health and overall well-being during pregnancy. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as exercise during pregnancy, when done appropriately, does not lead to lower birth weight, higher risk of premature birth, suppressed immune system development, or serious damage to the central nervous system. Instead, it is known to have positive effects on fetal development and maternal health.
By the end of Greta's first month of pregnancy, her embryo __________.
- A. can sense its world
- B. is about ¼ inch long
- C. can suck its thumb
- D. can curl its toes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: By the end of Greta's first month of pregnancy, her embryo is about ¼ inch long. During the first month of pregnancy, the embryo is in the very early stages of development, and its size is typically around ¼ inch as it continues to grow and develop in the uterus. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because sensory abilities like sensing the world, sucking thumb, and curling toes develop later in the pregnancy as the embryo progresses through different stages of development.
Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children. Jade was using __________.
- A. naturalistic observation
- B. ethnography
- C. self-reports
- D. structured observation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Jade was using ethnography. Ethnography involves the systematic study of people and cultures through participant observation and interviews. In this case, Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children, which aligns with the methodology of ethnography. Ethnography allows researchers to gain an in-depth understanding of a particular cultural group's behaviors, practices, and beliefs.
Choice A, naturalistic observation, involves observing subjects in their natural environment without interference or manipulation. While similar to ethnography in some aspects, naturalistic observation does not typically involve the same level of cultural immersion and participant interaction as ethnography.
Choice C, self-reports, refers to data collected directly from participants about their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. This method relies on participants' subjective responses and may not provide the same depth of cultural insights as ethnography.
Choice D, structured observation, involves observing behavior in a structured and controlled environment. Unlike ethnography, structured observation does not focus on the cultural nuances and immersive study of a specific community.
During the third stage of labor, __________.
- A. the cervix thins to nothing
- B. uterine contractions begin
- C. the placenta is delivered
- D. the baby is born
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the third stage of labor, the correct answer is C, the placenta is delivered. This stage occurs after the baby is born and involves the expulsion of the placenta from the uterus. Choice A is incorrect because the thinning of the cervix to nothing typically occurs during the first stage of labor. Choice B is incorrect as uterine contractions usually begin during the first stage of labor to help with the dilation of the cervix. Choice D is incorrect because the baby is typically born in the second stage of labor, not the third.
Theorists who contend that powerful negative events in the first few years cannot be fully overcome by later, more positive ones emphasize __________.
- A. plasticity
- B. stability
- C. nurture
- D. discontinuity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Theorists who emphasize stability argue that powerful negative events early in life cannot be completely overcome by later, more positive experiences. They believe that early experiences have a lasting impact on development and are not easily erased or reversed by subsequent events. This perspective contrasts with the idea of plasticity, which suggests that development can be influenced by experiences at any point in life, and that individuals have the capacity for change and growth throughout the lifespan. 'Nurture' does not directly address the concept of overcoming negative events, while 'discontinuity' refers to developmental stages being separate and distinct, not the idea that negative events early in life persist despite later positive experiences.