Nokea
Ecological systems theory views the person as __________.
- A. a blossoming flower whose development is a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically
- B. developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
- C. a social being influenced primarily by observational learning or adult modeling
- D. a computer-like system that actively codes, transforms, and organizes information
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ecological systems theory views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment. This perspective emphasizes the interconnectedness of individuals with their social and physical environment, recognizing that development is influenced by various factors interacting at different levels of the ecological system. Choice A is incorrect because it describes a genetically determined development process, which is not the focus of ecological systems theory. Choice C is incorrect because it highlights observational learning as the primary influence on development, neglecting the broader environmental factors. Choice D is incorrect as it compares the person to a computer system, which does not align with the principles of ecological systems theory.
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According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, __________?
- A. children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
- B. children's learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults
- C. adult teaching is the best way to foster development
- D. rapid development occurs during sensitive periods
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. Piaget emphasized that children learn through their own actions and interactions with the environment, leading to cognitive development. Choice B is incorrect because Piaget's theory focuses on children's active engagement in learning rather than passive reinforcement. Choice C is incorrect because Piaget's theory highlights the child's role in constructing knowledge, not solely relying on adult teaching. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to sensitive periods, a concept more associated with other developmental theories like Erikson's psychosocial theory, not Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory.
Where does the male produce sperm, and where are these glands located?
- A. penis; scrotum
- B. scrotum; penis
- C. testes; penis
- D. testes; scrotum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The male produces sperm in the testes, which are two glands located in the scrotum. The scrotum is the external sac that houses and protects the testes, allowing for optimal temperature regulation to support sperm production. Choice A is incorrect because sperm production does not occur in the penis. Choice B is incorrect because the scrotum houses the testes, not the penis. Choice C is incorrect because sperm is produced in the testes, not the penis.
Shamona, a pregnant mother in Flint, Michigan, is concerned about the drinking water, which shows high levels of lead. Shamona should know that high levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to __________.
- A. facial abnormalities and heart defects
- B. defects of the genitals and urinary tract
- C. low birth weight and brain damage
- D. a variety of childhood cancers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: High levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to low birth weight and brain damage. Lead exposure during pregnancy can have harmful effects on the developing fetus, leading to complications such as decreased birth weight and potential long-term brain damage. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not directly correlate with the known effects of prenatal lead exposure. While lead exposure can indeed cause a variety of health issues, such as heart defects and urinary tract problems, the primary concerns related to prenatal exposure are low birth weight and brain damage.
Max, age 65, learned to play the piano at a local senior center. Max demonstrates that __________.
- A. aging is an eventual 'shipwreck'
- B. learning follows a predictable timetable
- C. development is plastic at all ages
- D. musical talent peaks in late adulthood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Max, age 65, learning to play the piano at a local senior center demonstrates that development is plastic at all ages. This means that individuals have the potential to learn and grow regardless of their age, showing that it is never too late to acquire new skills and experiences. Choice A is incorrect because it presents a negative view of aging, which is not supported by Max's actions. Choice B is incorrect as it implies that learning is restricted to certain age periods, which is contradicted by Max's experience. Choice D is incorrect because Max's learning of the piano at 65 suggests that musical talent can be developed at any age, not necessarily peaking in late adulthood.
Which Apgar criterion can be more difficult to apply to newborns of all races?
- A. pink color
- B. reflex irritability
- C. limp muscle tone
- D. strong breathing
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Among the Apgar criteria, the pink color (choice A), reflex irritability (choice B), and limp muscle tone (choice C) are relatively easy to assess in newborns of all races. However, the criterion that can be more difficult to apply to newborns of all races is strong breathing (choice D). This is because evaluating the strength of a newborn's breathing can be more subjective and require careful observation. Unlike the other criteria that have more visible and objective indicators, assessing the strength of breathing might vary based on the observer's interpretation, making it more challenging to apply universally.