Human Growth and Development Exam 1

Human Growth and Development Exam 1 Related

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Professor Higgins is concerned about the findings of a longitudinal study on childhood depression that she conducted between 1985 and 2015 in New York because many of the participants witnessed the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Professor Higgins is concerned about __________ effects.

  • A. practice
  • B. cross-sectional
  • C. dropout
  • D. cohort
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The concern Professor Higgins has regarding the findings of the longitudinal study is related to cohort effects. Cohort effects occur when a specific group of individuals experience a common event or circumstance that could influence the results of a study. In this case, the participants witnessing the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center could have had a significant impact on their development and mental health outcomes, leading to cohort effects observed in the study. Choice A, 'practice,' is incorrect as it refers to the repeated performance of an activity to improve skill. Choice B, 'cross-sectional,' is incorrect as it involves data collection at a single point in time. Choice C, 'dropout,' is incorrect as it refers to participants leaving a study prematurely.

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Tiffany is a small-for-date baby. This means she __________.

  • A. was born several weeks or more before her due date
  • B. was born below her expected weight considering the length of the pregnancy
  • C. will probably have much less serious problems than a preterm infant
  • D. may have difficulties in infancy but will outgrow them by the preschool years
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A small-for-date baby, also known as a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) baby, is a baby who is born below their expected weight considering the length of the pregnancy. This can be due to various factors including issues with growth restriction in the womb. Being small-for-date is different from being preterm (born prematurely) and does not necessarily mean that the baby was born early. Choice A is incorrect because being small-for-date does not specifically indicate being born several weeks or more before the due date. Choice C is incorrect because being small-for-date does not guarantee fewer problems than a preterm infant, as each baby's health outcomes can vary. Choice D is incorrect because while small-for-date babies may have initial difficulties, it does not guarantee that these issues will be outgrown by the preschool years.

Which research method was borrowed from the field of anthropology?

  • A. ethnography
  • B. clinical interview
  • C. structured interview
  • D. systematic observation
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: ethnography. Ethnography is a research method borrowed from the field of anthropology. It involves observing and documenting behaviors and interactions in a naturalistic setting. This method allows researchers to gain insight into the cultural context and practices of a group through direct observation and participation. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because clinical interviews, structured interviews, and systematic observations are research methods used in different contexts and fields, not borrowed specifically from anthropology.

Which statement is supported by research on newborn taste preferences?

  • A. Newborns cannot distinguish basic tastes.
  • B. Not until 4 months do babies prefer a salty taste to plain water.
  • C. Newborns prefer the taste of formula to breast milk.
  • D. Unlike adults, babies relax their facial muscles in response to sour tastes.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Research on newborn taste preferences has found that not until around 4 months of age do babies start to show a preference for a salty taste over plain water. This indicates that newborns do have some ability to distinguish tastes, contrary to the statement in option A. The statement in option C that newborns prefer the taste of formula to breast milk is not supported by research on newborn taste preferences. Option D, stating that babies relax their facial muscles in response to sour tastes, is also not a supported statement regarding newborn taste preferences.

Newborn infants who are brain damaged or who have experienced birth trauma often __________.

  • A. display disturbed REM-NREM sleep cycles
  • B. cry less than those with no brain functioning problems
  • C. spend about 20 percent of their total sleep time in REM sleep
  • D. have very low or inaudible cries
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Newborn infants who are brain damaged or who have experienced birth trauma often display disturbed REM-NREM sleep cycles. This disruption in the sleep cycle can be a sign of neurological issues and can impact the newborn's overall health and development. Choice B is incorrect because infants with brain damage or birth trauma may actually cry more due to their discomfort or neurological issues. Choice C is incorrect because spending about 20 percent of total sleep time in REM sleep is not necessarily specific to brain-damaged or birth-traumatized infants. Choice D is incorrect because having very low or inaudible cries is not a common characteristic associated with brain damage or birth trauma in infants.

Lily weighed 8 pounds and was 21 inches long at birth. She was __________ than the average baby.

  • A. heavier but shorter
  • B. heavier and longer
  • C. lighter but longer
  • D. lighter and shorter
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Lily weighed 8 pounds and was 21 inches long at birth. Being both heavier and longer than average babies typically are at birth, Lily would be considered heavier and longer compared to the average baby. This makes choice B, 'heavier and longer,' the correct answer. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because Lily was not shorter or lighter than the average baby at birth.

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