Nokea
What condition is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children?
- A. Pyelonephritis
- B. Tubular destruction
- C. Severe dehydration
- D. Upper tract obstruction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Severe dehydration is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children, as it leads to prerenal azotemia, which can progress to renal failure if not corrected. Other causes like pyelonephritis and tubular destruction are less common and usually secondary to other conditions.
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An infant has been diagnosed with bladder obstruction. What do symptoms of this disorder include?
- A. Renal colic
- B. Strong urinary stream
- C. Urinary tract infections
- D. Post urination dribbling
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Post-urination dribbling is a symptom of bladder obstruction due to the incomplete emptying of the bladder. A strong urinary stream is typically absent in such cases. UTIs are common, but dribbling is more directly related to the obstruction.
What test is used to screen for carbohydrate malabsorption?
- A. Stool pH
- B. Urine ketones
- C. C urea breath test
- D. ELISA stool assay
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Stool pH testing is used to screen for carbohydrate malabsorption. A low pH indicates the presence of unabsorbed carbohydrates, which are fermented by bacteria, leading to acidic stool.
The nurse is educating a new nurse on the identification of pain in children. What does the nurse teach about physiologic measurements in children's pain assessment?
- A. Not useful as the only indicator for pain
- B. Best indicator of pain in children of all ages
- C. Most valuable when children also report having pain
- D. Essential to determine whether a child is telling the truth about pain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Physiologic manifestations of pain may vary considerably, so they do not provide a consistent measure of pain. Heart rate may increase or decrease. The same signs that may suggest fear, anxiety, or anger also indicate pain. In chronic pain, the body adapts, and these signs decrease or stabilize. Physiologic measurements are of limited value and must be viewed in the context of a pain rating scale, behavioral assessment, and parental report. When the child reports pain on an appropriate pain scale, the appropriate interventions should be used. Therefore, physiologic measurements are not considered a reliable standalone indicator for pain in children, making choice A the correct answer. Choice B is incorrect because physiologic measurements alone do not serve as the best indicator of pain. Choice C is incorrect as physiologic measurements are still limited even when children report pain. Choice D is incorrect as physiologic measurements are not primarily used to determine the truthfulness of a child's pain report.
A 7-year-old has been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. Chest physiotherapy has been ordered. What information should the nurse give to the parents regarding when chest physiotherapy is done?
- A. Before aerosol treatment
- B. After suctioning
- C. Before postural drainage
- D. Before meals
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'Before meals'. Chest physiotherapy should be performed before meals to reduce the risk of vomiting and to ensure that the airways are clear for effective nutrition. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because chest physiotherapy is ideally done before meals to optimize its benefits and avoid complications associated with timing.
The parent of a 1-month-old infant voices concern about the infant's respirations. The parent states the respirations are rapid and irregular. Which information should the nurse provide?
- A. The normal respiratory rate for an infant at this age is between 20 and 30 breaths per minute.
- B. The respirations of a 1-month-old infant are normally irregular and periodically pause.
- C. An infant at this age should have regular respirations.
- D. The irregularity of the infant's respirations is concerning; I will notify the health care provider.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Irregular respirations with periodic pauses are normal in a 1-month-old infant. Choice A is incorrect because the normal respiratory rate for an infant at this age is higher than the range provided. Choice C is incorrect as irregular respirations are expected in infants. Choice D is not appropriate as irregular respirations with periodic pauses are a normal finding in young infants and do not necessarily indicate a concern that requires immediate notification of the healthcare provider.