Nokea
The nurse is conducting discharge teaching with the parent of a 7-year-old child with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). What statement by the parent indicates a correct understanding of the teaching?
- A. My child needs to stay home from school for at least 1 more month.
- B. I should not add additional salt to any of my child's meals.
- C. My child will not be able to participate in contact sports while receiving corticosteroid therapy.
- D. I should measure my child's urine after each void and report the 24-hour amount to the healthcare provider.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Avoiding additional salt is crucial to help manage edema in children with MCNS. While monitoring urine output is important, the other statements either misinterpret the need for prolonged school absence or misunderstand the risk associated with contact sports during steroid therapy.
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What is the narrowing of the preputial opening of the foreskin called?
- A. Chordee
- B. Phimosis
- C. Epispadias
- D. Hypospadias
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Phimosis is the condition where the foreskin cannot be fully retracted over the glans penis due to a narrowing of the preputial opening. Chordee, epispadias, and hypospadias are different conditions involving the penis's structure.
The nurse notes that a child has lost 3.6 kg (8 lb) after 4 days of hospitalization for acute glomerulonephritis. What is the most likely cause of this weight loss?
- A. Poor appetite
- B. Reduction of edema
- C. Restriction to bed rest
- D. Increased potassium intake
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The weight loss is most likely due to the reduction of edema, as glomerulonephritis often causes fluid retention that resolves with treatment, leading to significant weight loss.
What statement is an advantage of peritoneal dialysis compared with hemodialysis?
- A. Protein loss is less extensive.
- B. Dietary limitations are not necessary.
- C. It is easy to learn and safe to perform.
- D. It is needed less frequently than hemodialysis.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Peritoneal dialysis is generally easier to learn and can be safely performed at home. Although dietary limitations still apply, this method offers greater flexibility in treatment scheduling compared to hemodialysis, which often requires multiple weekly visits to a dialysis center.
What is the primary consideration of susceptibility to infections in neonates?
- A. Increased humoral immunity
- B. Overwhelming anti-inflammatory response
- C. Diminished nonspecific and specific immunity
- D. Excessive levels of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary consideration of susceptibility to infections in neonates is their diminished nonspecific and specific immunity. Neonates lack the ability to mount a robust immune response, making them vulnerable to infections. Choice A is incorrect because neonates do not have increased humoral immunity; rather, their humoral immunity is diminished. Choice B is incorrect as neonates do not have an overwhelming anti-inflammatory response; instead, their immune responses are generally weakened. Choice D is incorrect because neonates have diminished or absent levels of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M, contributing to their susceptibility to infections.
A teen with asthma asks the nurse why it is hard to breathe during an asthma attack. The nurse explains that exposure to a "trigger" results in which of these manifestations?
- A. Bronchodilation, muscle relaxation, and decreased mucus production
- B. Air trapping and hypo-inflation of the alveoli
- C. Air trapping and decreased blood flow to the upper airway
- D. Bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and excess mucus production
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Asthma triggers cause bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and increased mucus production, leading to difficulty breathing. This combination of manifestations results in narrowing of the airways, making it hard for the individual to breathe effectively. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because during an asthma attack, bronchodilation, muscle relaxation, and decreased mucus production do not occur. Instead, the airways constrict, become inflamed, and produce excess mucus, contributing to the breathing difficulties experienced by individuals with asthma.