Nokea
The nurse is preparing to admit a 6-month-old child with gastroesophageal reflux disease. What clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe?
- A. Spitting up
- B. Bilious vomiting
- C. Failure to thrive
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in infants typically presents with symptoms such as spitting up, failure to thrive, excessive crying, and respiratory problems due to aspiration. Bilious vomiting is not a common symptom of GERD in infants and may indicate a different or more severe condition, such as intestinal obstruction or other gastrointestinal issues. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are all expected clinical manifestations of GERD in a 6-month-old child, making option D the correct answer.
You may also like to solve these questions
What is typically the first sign of puberty in females?
- A. Breast development
- B. Menarche
- C. Pubic hair growth
- D. Axillary hair growth
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Breast development (thelarche) is usually the first sign of puberty in females, typically beginning between ages 8 and 13. This marks the start of puberty, followed by pubic hair growth, a growth spurt, and eventually menarche (the onset of menstruation). Pubic hair growth and axillary hair growth usually follow breast development in the sequence of pubertal changes. Therefore, the first noticeable change indicating the onset of puberty in females is the development of breast buds.
What term describes the invagination of one segment of bowel within another?
- A. Atresia
- B. Stenosis
- C. Herniation
- D. Intussusception
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Intussusception is the correct answer. It refers to the condition where one segment of the bowel folds into another, leading to an obstruction. Atresia (Choice A) is the absence or abnormal closure of a normal opening or tubular structure. Stenosis (Choice B) is the narrowing of a passage in the body. Herniation (Choice C) is the abnormal protrusion of an organ or tissue through a defect in its surrounding walls. Intussusception is a medical emergency commonly observed in infants and young children and necessitates prompt intervention to prevent severe complications.
What signs or symptoms are most commonly associated with the prodromal phase of acute viral hepatitis?
- A. Bruising and lethargy
- B. Anorexia and malaise
- C. Fatigability and jaundice
- D. Dark urine and pale stools
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Anorexia and malaise. The prodromal phase of acute viral hepatitis is characterized by nonspecific symptoms such as anorexia (loss of appetite) and malaise (general feeling of discomfort). These symptoms typically precede the more specific signs of jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools that manifest in the icteric phase. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because bruising and lethargy, fatigability and jaundice, and dark urine and pale stools are typically seen in later stages of acute viral hepatitis, not in the prodromal phase.
What is the most appropriate action for a healthcare provider if a child presents with suspected meningitis?
- A. Administer antibiotics immediately
- B. Perform a lumbar puncture
- C. Isolate the child
- D. Obtain a complete blood count
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Isolating the child is a priority to prevent the spread of infection until meningitis is confirmed or ruled out. Meningitis, particularly bacterial, is highly contagious and can lead to outbreaks if not properly managed. Isolation and prompt treatment are critical in preventing serious complications. Administering antibiotics immediately without confirmation of the diagnosis can be harmful if the cause is viral or non-infectious. Performing a lumbar puncture is a diagnostic procedure that should be done by a healthcare provider but is not the initial action when suspecting meningitis. Obtaining a complete blood count may be part of the diagnostic workup but is not the most appropriate initial action in suspected meningitis.
What is the primary goal in the treatment of a child with nephrotic syndrome?
- A. Decrease urine output
- B. Increase serum albumin
- C. Reduce proteinuria
- D. Increase blood pressure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary goal in treating nephrotic syndrome in children is to reduce proteinuria. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, leading to hypoalbuminemia and edema. By reducing proteinuria, kidney damage can be minimized, and symptoms can be managed effectively. Decreasing urine output (Choice A) is not the primary goal, as it does not address the underlying issue of protein loss. Increasing serum albumin (Choice B) is a consequence of reducing proteinuria rather than the primary goal. Increasing blood pressure (Choice D) is not a goal in treating nephrotic syndrome and may even be contraindicated to prevent further kidney damage.