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What is a chronic condition where the bronchial tubes in the lungs become inflamed and narrowed, often caused by smoking?
- A. Chronic bronchitis
- B. Emphysema
- C. Asthma
- D. Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes, often caused by smoking. This condition leads to persistent coughing and mucus production. Emphysema (B) is a separate condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, causing shortness of breath. Asthma (C) is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and bronchospasms, triggered by various factors. Tuberculosis (D) is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, causing symptoms like coughing up blood and weight loss. Chronic bronchitis specifically relates to the inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes due to smoking.
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In penetrating heart injuries such as a stab wound, which of the following tears in the heart continues to bleed and does not seal with a clot?
- A. Pericardial tear
- B. Endocardial tear
- C. Epicardial tear
- D. Myocardial tear
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Myocardial tears do not seal easily, leading to continued bleeding and potential complications.
The nurse is caring for a client on amiodarone who complains of visual disturbances. What is the nurse's best response?
- A. Notify the healthcare provider immediately.
- B. Reassure the client that this is a common side effect.
- C. Advise the client to monitor their symptoms at home.
- D. Suggest the client reduce physical activity.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Notify the healthcare provider immediately. Visual disturbances can be a sign of serious side effects of amiodarone, such as optic neuropathy. Promptly notifying the healthcare provider allows for timely evaluation and appropriate management.
Choice B is incorrect because visual disturbances with amiodarone are not common and should not be dismissed as such. Choice C is incorrect as self-monitoring may delay necessary medical intervention. Choice D is also incorrect as reducing physical activity does not address the underlying cause of visual disturbances and may not be necessary.
What is a surgical procedure to replace a damaged or diseased heart valve with a prosthetic valve?
- A. Valve replacement
- B. Angioplasty
- C. Stent placement
- D. Bypass surgery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Valve replacement. This surgical procedure involves replacing a damaged or diseased heart valve with a prosthetic valve to restore proper heart function. It is specifically targeted at addressing heart valve issues, making it the most appropriate choice. Angioplasty (B) is a procedure to open blocked arteries, not related to heart valve replacement. Stent placement (C) involves inserting a mesh tube to keep arteries open, not addressing heart valve issues. Bypass surgery (D) is performed to improve blood flow to the heart muscle, not focused on replacing heart valves. Thus, A is the correct choice for the given question.
What is the average cardiac output?
- A. Approximately 4 to 6 L per minute
- B. Approximately 4 to 8 L per minute
- C. Approximately 5 to 8 L per minute
- D. Approximately 3 to 7 L per minute
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (Approximately 4 to 8 L per minute) because the average cardiac output in a healthy adult at rest is around 5 L per minute. This range of 4 to 8 L per minute encompasses the typical cardiac output values. Choice A (Approximately 4 to 6 L per minute) is too narrow and excludes the upper range, while Choice C (Approximately 5 to 8 L per minute) is slightly broader but still within the acceptable range. Choice D (Approximately 3 to 7 L per minute) is too low and does not cover the full spectrum of average cardiac output values.
This is a branch of the left coronary arteries which supplies the LEFT ATRIUM, posterior lateral surface of the left ventricle.
- A. Right coronary artery
- B. Left circumflex artery
- C. Left anterior descending artery
- D. Posterior descending artery
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, the Left circumflex artery. This artery branches off the left coronary artery and supplies the left atrium and the posterior lateral surface of the left ventricle. The Left anterior descending artery (C) supplies the anterior surface of the left ventricle. The Right coronary artery (A) supplies the right atrium and right ventricle. The Posterior descending artery (D) is a branch of the right coronary artery and supplies the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Therefore, B is the correct answer based on the specific areas supplied by each artery.