Nokea
Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5 and includes the Oedipal period is the ________ stage.
- A. genital
- B. oral
- C. phallic
- D. latency
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5, including the Oedipal period, is the phallic stage. During this stage, children experience the Oedipus or Electra complex, where they develop unconscious sexual desires for the opposite-sex parent and see the same-sex parent as a rival. The genital stage (Choice A) is the final stage where mature sexual interests emerge, oral (Choice B) and anal stages precede the phallic stage, and latency (Choice D) is a stage following the phallic stage characterized by a focus on developing social and cognitive skills.
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Which parenting style is associated with the most positive developmental outcome?
- A. Authoritarian
- B. Permissive/indulgent
- C. Authoritative
- D. Neglectful/uninvolved
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The authoritative parenting style is associated with the most positive developmental outcomes. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children's needs while also setting clear expectations and boundaries. This balance fosters a supportive environment that allows children to develop autonomy, self-confidence, and social skills. Authoritarian parenting (choice A) is characterized by strict rules and harsh discipline, leading to less favorable outcomes. Permissive/indulgent parenting (choice B) involves being lenient and overly responsive, which can result in children lacking self-discipline. Neglectful/uninvolved parenting (choice D) is marked by a lack of responsiveness and involvement, resulting in negative developmental outcomes.
From the cognitive-behavioral perspective, an important limitation with the behavioral perspective is that ________.
- A. Behaviorists went too far in attacking the psychoanalytic perspective.
- B. Behaviorists failed to attend to the importance of mental processes.
- C. Behaviorists were too focused on explaining how abnormal behavior is acquired.
- D. Behaviorists underestimated the role of reinforcement.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because behaviorists, from the cognitive-behavioral perspective, are criticized for not considering the significance of mental processes. This limitation is a key point in the cognitive-behavioral perspective, which emphasizes the interplay between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not directly address the specific limitation of failing to account for mental processes in the behavioral perspective.
What is a culture-bound disorder?
- A. It is a disorder seen universally across all cultures.
- B. It is a disorder that exists in one culture but is completely absent in others.
- C. It is a disorder that only affects children.
- D. It is a disorder found exclusively within certain age groups.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A culture-bound disorder is a condition that is specific to a particular culture or group of cultures and is not universally recognized or experienced across different cultures. Choice A is incorrect because a culture-bound disorder is not seen universally across all cultures. Choice C is incorrect because it does not necessarily have to only affect children. Choice D is incorrect as a culture-bound disorder is not exclusively found within certain age groups, but rather tied to specific cultures.
Which parental style is characterized by warmth, control, and communication?
- A. Authoritarian
- B. Permissive/indulgent
- C. Authoritative
- D. Neglectful/uninvolved
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Authoritative. The authoritative parenting style is characterized by a balance of warmth, control, and communication. This style promotes a nurturing environment where parents set clear rules and boundaries while also being responsive to their child's needs. Choice A, Authoritarian, is characterized by strict rules and high control with less warmth and communication. Choice B, Permissive/indulgent, involves high warmth but low control, where rules are not clearly established. Choice D, Neglectful/uninvolved, lacks both warmth and control, with little to no communication or involvement in the child's life.
How does abuse and maltreatment tend to affect a child's ability to relate to others?
- A. It leads to the development of strong, healthy relationships.
- B. It results in difficulty forming healthy relationships later in life.
- C. It has little to no impact on a child's social development.
- D. It promotes independence in forming new relationships.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Abuse and maltreatment tend to result in difficulties in forming healthy relationships and may lead to a disorganized and disoriented attachment style. Choice A is incorrect because abuse and maltreatment usually hinder the development of strong and healthy relationships. Choice C is incorrect as abuse and maltreatment significantly impact a child's social development. Choice D is incorrect because abuse and maltreatment do not promote independence in forming new relationships but rather create barriers to forming healthy connections.