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Which term describes the conditions that guarantee the occurrence of a disorder?
- A. Necessary causes
- B. Contributory causes
- C. Sufficient causes
- D. Protective factors
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Sufficient causes.' Sufficient causes are conditions that alone are enough to guarantee the occurrence of a disorder. Necessary causes refer to factors that must be present for the disorder to occur but are not enough on their own. Contributory causes increase the likelihood of a disorder but are not enough to cause it by themselves. Protective factors are conditions that reduce the likelihood of a disorder occurring.
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How does the concept of neural plasticity relate to recovery from brain injuries?
- A. Neural plasticity means the brain cannot recover from injuries.
- B. Neural plasticity allows the brain to recover and reorganize after injuries.
- C. Neural plasticity refers to the brain's inability to change after injury.
- D. Neural plasticity is a myth.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Neural plasticity allows the brain to recover and reorganize after injuries. It is the brain's ability to adapt and change, forming new connections or reorganizing existing ones to compensate for damage. Choice A is incorrect as neural plasticity enables recovery. Choice C is incorrect as neural plasticity involves the brain's capacity to change. Choice D is incorrect as neural plasticity is a well-established phenomenon in neuroscience.
Which of the following psychodynamic elements of the personality can be described as impulsive and selfish?
- A. Ego
- B. Id
- C. Superego
- D. Ideal self
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Id. In psychodynamic theory, the Id is the component driven by basic, primal instincts, seeking instant gratification without consideration for consequences. It operates on the pleasure principle, aiming to fulfill desires immediately. The Superego, on the other hand, represents the internalized moral standards and ideals, while the Ego mediates between the Id and Superego, balancing impulses with societal norms. The 'Ideal self' is a concept from humanistic psychology related to one's aspirations and goals, not a component in psychodynamic theory. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect.
In psychoanalytic theory, which psychosexual stage centers on castration anxiety?
- A. Genital
- B. Oral
- C. Anal
- D. Phallic
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Castration anxiety is a concept specific to the Phallic stage in psychoanalytic theory, according to Sigmund Freud. During the Phallic stage, children experience the Oedipus complex (boys) and Electra complex (girls), where they develop unconscious desires for the opposite-sex parent and fear castration by the same-sex parent. This anxiety is a crucial aspect of the Phallic stage, making it the correct answer. The other stages (Genital, Oral, and Anal) do not directly involve castration anxiety and focus on different aspects of psychosexual development.
What are protective factors? Give an example of one and explain how it can impact a person's later functioning.
- A. Protective factors are influences that modify a person's response to environmental stressors, making adverse consequences less likely.
- B. An example of a protective factor is having a warm and caring parent, which may lead to resilience.
- C. Protective factors usually lead to resilience, the ability to adapt successfully to stressful circumstances.
- D. Protective factors always prevent the development of psychopathology.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Protective factors are influences that modify a person's response to environmental stressors, reducing the likelihood of adverse outcomes. An example of a protective factor is having a warm and caring parent, which can foster resilience in individuals. Resilience allows individuals to adapt successfully to stressful situations. Choice A is incorrect as protective factors do not always prevent adverse consequences but reduce their likelihood. Choice C is incorrect as resilience is the outcome of protective factors, not the other way around. Choice D is incorrect as while protective factors can reduce the risk of psychopathology, they do not always prevent its development.
What is the significance of early intervention in preventing mental disorders?
- A. Early intervention has no significant impact on preventing mental disorders.
- B. Early intervention is critical in reducing the risk of developing mental disorders.
- C. Early intervention can sometimes exacerbate mental disorders.
- D. Early intervention is only effective in severe cases.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Early intervention is crucial in preventing or mitigating the development of mental disorders by addressing issues before they fully develop. Choice A is incorrect because early intervention plays a significant role in preventing mental disorders. Choice C is incorrect as early intervention aims to improve mental health outcomes. Choice D is incorrect as early intervention is effective across various stages of mental health conditions, not just in severe cases.