Nokea
FISH is helpful in diagnosing:
- A. Prader-Willi syndrome
- B. Di George syndrome
- C. Klinefelter's syndrome
- D. Turner's syndrome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization) is particularly useful in diagnosing DiGeorge syndrome, which involves microdeletions on chromosome 22.
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A toddler who has been hospitalized for vomiting due to gastroenteritis is sleeping and difficult to wake up. Assessment reveals vital signs of a regular heart rate of 230 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 30 per minute, BP of 84/52, and capillary refill time of 3 seconds. Which dysrhythmia does the nurse suspect in this child?
- A. Rapid atrial flutter
- B. Supraventricular tachycardia
- C. Sinus bradycardia
- D. Rapid atrial fibrillation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Supraventricular tachycardia is characterized by a very rapid heart rate, which can lead to decreased cardiac output and symptoms such as lethargy and difficulty waking, as seen in this toddler.
The most likely diagnosis in the patient described is
- A. persistent pulmonary hypertension
- B. transposition of the great arteries
- C. truncus arteriosus
- D. pulmonary atresia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Transposition of the great arteries often presents with cyanosis due to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Complement system:
- A. Is activated by bacterial endotoxins by the classical pathway
- B. Reduced C3 and C4 are usual findings in acute glomerulonephritis
- C. Hereditary angioneurotic oedema is caused by deficiency of one of the components of the classical pathway of the system
- D. Is part of humoral immunity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The complement system is a key component of humoral immunity, playing a role in the immune response to pathogens.
Following surgical repair of the bladder, a female client is being discharged from the hospital to home with an indwelling urinary catheter. Which instruction is most important for the nurse to provide to this client?
- A. Avoid coiling the tubing and keep if free of kinks
- B. Cleanse the perineal area with soap and water twice daily
- C. Keep the drainage bag lower than the level of the bladder
- D. Drink 1,000 ml of fluids daily to irrigate catheter
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Keeping the drainage bag lower than the bladder prevents backflow of urine, reducing the risk of infection.
What is one reason why patients with CHD are more likely to have rejection post-transplant than those with cardiomyopathy?
- A. Sensitized recipients with panel reactive antibody (PRA)
- B. Absence of systemic disease
- C. History of good compliance
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) are often sensitized due to prior surgeries and blood transfusions, leading to a higher risk of rejection post-transplant.