Nokea
Which of the following are the blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart?
- A. arteries
- B. capillaries
- C. venules
- D. veins
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to various parts of the body. Therefore, they are the vessels that transport blood away from the heart. Veins, on the other hand, transport blood back to the heart. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels where the exchange of nutrients and waste products occurs between blood and tissues, not vessels that transport blood to the heart. Venules are small veins that collect blood from capillaries and connect them to larger veins, rather than transport blood to the heart.
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Which of the following cell organelles is the site of lipid synthesis?
- A. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- B. ribosome
- C. rough endoplasmic reticulum
- D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This organelle lacks ribosomes on its surface, unlike the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is involved in protein synthesis. The enzymes present in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are responsible for synthesizing lipids such as phospholipids and steroids. Choice B, ribosomes, are responsible for protein synthesis and not lipid synthesis. Choice C, rough endoplasmic reticulum, is involved in protein synthesis due to the presence of ribosomes. Choice D, Golgi apparatus, is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion, not lipid synthesis.
Which of the following chambers of the heart receives blood returning from the lungs during pulmonary circulation?
- A. left atrium
- B. right atrium
- C. left ventricle
- D. right ventricle
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, the left atrium. During pulmonary circulation, oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the heart and enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. The left atrium then contracts, pushing this oxygen-rich blood into the left ventricle. The left ventricle subsequently pumps this oxygenated blood out to the rest of the body through the aorta. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, the left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium, and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, respectively.
Which of the following correctly describes a strong acid?
- A. A strong acid completely ionizes in water.
- B. A strong acid donates more than one proton.
- C. A strong acid contains at least one metal atom.
- D. A strong acid will not decompose.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. A strong acid is defined as an acid that completely ionizes in water, meaning it dissociates fully into its constituent ions in solution. This characteristic differentiates strong acids from weak acids, which do not fully dissociate in water. Choice B is incorrect because the number of protons donated does not solely define the strength of an acid. Choice C is incorrect as strong acids are not defined by the presence of metal atoms, and Choice D is incorrect because all acids can decompose, but the strength of the acid is based on its ability to ionize in water.
Which of the following is the primary physical barrier the body uses to prevent infection?
- A. mucus membranes
- B. stomach acid
- C. skin
- D. urine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is 'C: skin.' The skin is the primary physical barrier the body uses to prevent infection. It acts as a protective shield that prevents harmful microorganisms from entering the body. The outer layer of the skin, known as the epidermis, acts as a tough physical barrier that blocks the entry of pathogens. Additionally, the skin has special immune cells that can help fight off invaders that manage to breach the physical barrier. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. While mucous membranes, stomach acid, and urine play important roles in the body's defense against pathogens, the primary physical barrier is the skin, which covers the entire body and provides a robust protective barrier.
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
- A. absorbing digested material into the blood
- B. nutrient processing and metabolizing
- C. absorbing water and compacting material into solid waste
- D. bile production and storage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The large intestine's primary function is to absorb water from undigested food remnants and compact them into solid waste (feces). This process helps regulate hydration levels in the body and aids in waste elimination. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Absorbing digested material into the blood is mainly done in the small intestine, nutrient processing and metabolizing occur in various parts of the digestive system, and bile production and storage are functions of the liver and gallbladder, not the large intestine.