Nokea
What is the function of fascia in muscle tissue?
- A. to enclose, protect, support, and separate muscle tissue
- B. to connect muscle tissue to bone
- C. to serve as the contractile unit of muscle
- D. to slide past the actin protein cells in muscle to create contraction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'to enclose, protect, support, and separate muscle tissue.' Fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, providing structural support, protecting them from friction and injury, and helping in movement. Choice B is incorrect as tendons are responsible for connecting muscle tissue to bone. Choice C is incorrect as the contractile unit of muscle is the sarcomere, not fascia. Choice D is incorrect as the process described relates to muscle contraction mechanisms involving actin and myosin, not the function of fascia.
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Which of the following sets of valves is primarily responsible for preventing blood flow from major blood vessels to the heart?
- A. atrioventricular valves
- B. semilunar valves
- C. tricuspid valves
- D. bicuspid valves
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: semilunar valves. Semilunar valves are primarily responsible for preventing blood flow from major blood vessels to the heart. These valves are located at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery, ensuring blood flows in one direction only by closing when the ventricles relax to prevent blood from flowing back into the heart. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Atrioventricular valves (choice A) include the tricuspid and bicuspid valves, which prevent backflow between the atria and ventricles, not major blood vessels. Tricuspid valves (choice C) and bicuspid valves (choice D) are specific types of atrioventricular valves located between the atria and ventricles, not at the base of major blood vessels.
Which of the following chambers of the heart receives blood returning from the lungs during pulmonary circulation?
- A. left atrium
- B. right atrium
- C. left ventricle
- D. right ventricle
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, the left atrium. During pulmonary circulation, oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the heart and enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. The left atrium then contracts, pushing this oxygen-rich blood into the left ventricle. The left ventricle subsequently pumps this oxygenated blood out to the rest of the body through the aorta. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, the left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium, and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, respectively.
What describes a cell's reaction to being placed in a hypertonic solution?
- A. The cell will shrink as water is pulled out of the cell to equalize the concentrations inside and outside of the cell.
- B. The cell will swell as water is pulled into the cell to equalize the concentrations inside and outside of the cell.
- C. The cell will remain the same size since the concentrations inside and outside the cell are equal to begin with.
- D. The pH inside the cell will drop in order to equalize the pH inside and outside the cell.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A cell placed in a hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration outside the cell compared to inside. This creates a concentration gradient that causes water to move out of the cell through osmosis to equalize the concentrations on both sides. As a result, the cell will shrink or undergo plasmolysis, as water is pulled out of the cell. Choice B is incorrect because a hypertonic solution causes water to move out of the cell, leading to shrinkage rather than swelling. Choice C is incorrect as a hypertonic solution results in a concentration gradient that leads to water leaving the cell, causing it to shrink. Choice D is incorrect because pH is not directly affected by being placed in a hypertonic solution; the change in solute concentration primarily impacts water movement.
Which of the following lobes in the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for processing and integrating sensory information received from the rest of the body?
- A. frontal lobe
- B. occipital lobe
- C. parietal lobe
- D. temporal lobe
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The parietal lobe is the correct answer because it is primarily responsible for processing and integrating sensory information received from the rest of the body, including touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. This lobe plays a crucial role in spatial awareness, perception, and attention to sensory stimuli. It helps individuals make sense of the world around them and is essential for various sensory processes. The frontal lobe (choice A) is more associated with functions like reasoning, planning, and problem-solving. The occipital lobe (choice B) is responsible for processing visual information. The temporal lobe (choice D) is involved in functions like memory, auditory processing, and language comprehension, but it is not the primary lobe responsible for processing and integrating sensory information from the body.
Which of the following is a dense, interconnected mass of nerve cells located outside the central nervous system?
- A. ganglion
- B. dendrite
- C. cranial nerve
- D. pons
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A ganglion is a dense, interconnected mass of nerve cells located outside the central nervous system. Ganglia serve as relay points where nerve cells communicate and integrate signals. They are found along peripheral nerves, processing sensory information and coordinating motor responses. Choice B, dendrite, refers to a part of a neuron that receives signals, not a mass of nerve cells. Choice C, cranial nerve, is a bundle of nerves that emerge from the brain, not a mass of nerve cells. Choice D, pons, is a part of the brainstem, which is within the central nervous system, not located outside of it.