Nokea
Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is true?
- A. It controls involuntary functions
- B. It contains motor (efferent) neurons
- C. It contains sensory (afferent) neurons
- D. It contains both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for controlling involuntary functions and contains both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Choices A and B are incorrect as they do not fully capture the role of the ANS. While the ANS does control involuntary functions, this is a broader concept than just the reflex arc. While the ANS does contain motor (efferent) neurons, it also includes sensory (afferent) neurons, which are not specifically mentioned in the question. Therefore, choice C is not fully accurate. Choice D provides the most accurate and comprehensive description of the autonomic nervous system by highlighting its components, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, which work together to regulate various bodily functions.
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How do organisms maintain homeostasis?
- A. By increasing their body temperature, blood pH, and fluid balance.
- B. By undergoing biochemical processes and absorbing energy to increase entropy.
- C. By undergoing biochemical processes to maintain the order of their external environment.
- D. By using free energy and matter via biochemical processes to work against entropy.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Organisms maintain homeostasis by utilizing free energy and matter through biochemical processes to counteract entropy, which helps in preserving internal stability. This process involves maintaining a balance within the organism's internal environment despite external changes, ensuring proper functioning and survival. Choice A is incorrect because increasing body temperature, blood pH, and fluid balance alone do not define the comprehensive process of maintaining homeostasis. Choice B is incorrect as absorbing energy to increase entropy goes against the concept of maintaining internal stability. Choice C is incorrect as maintaining the order of the external environment does not directly contribute to the organism's internal stability and balance.
Which types of molecules can move through a cell membrane by passive transport?
- A. Complex sugars
- B. Non-lipid soluble molecules
- C. Oxygen
- D. Molecules moving from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oxygen. Small, non-polar molecules like oxygen can easily pass through the cell membrane by passive transport as they move down their concentration gradient without the need for energy input. Complex sugars (choice A) are typically too large to pass through the membrane by passive transport. Non-lipid soluble molecules (choice B) may require active transport mechanisms. Choice D describes active transport, where molecules move against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input.
Which of the following structures acts like a funnel by delivering urine from the millions of collecting tubules to the ureters?
- A. The renal pelvis
- B. The renal cortex
- C. The renal medulla
- D. Bowman's capsule
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: The renal pelvis. The renal pelvis serves as a reservoir for urine collected from the kidney's numerous collecting tubules, funneling it into the ureters for transport to the bladder. The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney involved in filtration, while the renal medulla is the inner region responsible for concentrating urine. Bowman's capsule is part of the nephron and is involved in the initial filtration of blood in the kidney, not in funneling urine to the ureters.
Which of the following is a cluster of capillaries that functions as the main filter of the blood entering the kidney?
- A. The Bowman's capsule
- B. The Loop of Henle
- C. The glomerulus
- D. The nephron
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a cluster of capillaries in the kidney responsible for filtering blood as it enters the nephron. It plays a crucial role in the initial stages of urine formation by filtering waste products and excess substances from the blood. Choice A, the Bowman's capsule, is incorrect as it surrounds the glomerulus and captures the filtrate. Choice B, the Loop of Henle, is incorrect as it is part of the nephron responsible for water reabsorption. Choice D, the nephron, is incorrect as it comprises the functional unit of the kidney and includes the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and other structures.
When testing how quickly a rat dies based on the amount of poison it eats, which of the following is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable?
- A. How quickly the rat dies is the independent variable; the amount of poison is the dependent variable.
- B. The amount of poison is the independent variable; how quickly the rat dies is the dependent variable.
- C. Whether the rat eats the poison is the independent variable; how quickly the rat dies is the dependent variable.
- D. The cage the rat is kept in is the independent variable; the amount of poison is the dependent variable.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. In this experiment, the independent variable is the amount of poison because it is what is being manipulated by the researcher. The dependent variable is how quickly the rat dies, as it is the outcome that is being measured based on the different amounts of poison administered. Choice A is incorrect because the independent variable should be what is being manipulated or changed, which is the amount of poison in this case. Choice C is incorrect because whether the rat eats the poison is not being varied or controlled by the researcher. Choice D is incorrect because the cage the rat is kept in is not relevant to the relationship being studied between the amount of poison and the rat's survival time.