Nokea
In which type of cell would you expect to find a high concentration of lysosomes?
- A. Cardiac cells
- B. Glandular cells
- C. Immune cells
- D. Neurons
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Immune cells. Immune cells, such as macrophages, contain many lysosomes for breaking down pathogens. Lysosomes are organelles responsible for digestion and waste removal within the cell, and immune cells require a high concentration of lysosomes to aid in their defense mechanisms against pathogens. Choice A, Cardiac cells, is incorrect because lysosomes are not primarily abundant in cardiac cells. Choice B, Glandular cells, is incorrect as well since lysosomes are not specifically concentrated in glandular cells. Choice D, Neurons, is also incorrect because while lysosomes are present in neurons, they are not typically found in high concentrations compared to immune cells.
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Which hormone is produced by the pancreas to lower blood sugar levels?
- A. Glucagon
- B. Insulin
- C. Adrenaline
- D. Melatonin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and plays a crucial role in lowering blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production or storage. Glucagon, which is also produced by the pancreas, functions to increase blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of stored glucose. Adrenaline, produced by the adrenal glands, is involved in the fight-or-flight response and does not directly regulate blood sugar levels. Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, primarily regulates the sleep-wake cycle and is not involved in blood sugar level control.
Which of the following substances has an acidic pH?
- A. Lemon juice
- B. Blood
- C. Urine
- D. Salt water
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, Lemon juice, which has an acidic pH typically around 2 due to its citric acid content. Blood, urine, and salt water are not typically acidic in nature. Blood has a slightly basic pH, urine can vary but is usually slightly acidic to neutral, and salt water is neutral to slightly alkaline. Lemon juice is a commonly known acidic substance, often used in cooking and cleaning due to its acidic properties.
What is the diastole cycle in the heart?
- A. Relaxation of the heart
- B. Contraction of the heart
- C. Pulse rate of the heart
- D. Blood circulation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The diastole cycle in the heart refers to the relaxation phase, where the heart chambers relax and fill with blood. This phase is crucial for the heart to refill and prepare for the next contraction (systole), which pumps blood out of the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is choice A, 'Relaxation of the heart.' Choices B, C, and D are incorrect in the context of cardiac physiology. Choice B, 'Contraction of the heart,' refers to systole, the phase of heart contraction. Choice C, 'Pulse rate of the heart,' is related to the number of heartbeats per minute, not the diastole cycle specifically. Choice D, 'Blood circulation,' is a broader term that encompasses the entire circulatory system rather than focusing on the heart's specific relaxation phase.
What is the structure and function of elastic arteries?
- A. They are the smallest arteries and constrict and dilate frequently.
- B. They are medium-sized arteries that distribute blood to various organs.
- C. They are the largest arteries and stretch and recoil to accommodate blood pressure changes.
- D. They are thin-walled arteries that supply blood to the capillaries.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The corrected answer is C. Elastic arteries, like the aorta, are the largest arteries in the body. They possess elastic fibers in their walls, allowing them to stretch and recoil in response to the pulsatile nature of blood flow from the heart. This elasticity helps to maintain blood pressure by absorbing the pressure waves generated by the heart's contractions and ensuring continuous blood flow to the organs. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because elastic arteries are not the smallest arteries, do not constrict and dilate frequently, are not medium-sized arteries for distributing blood to various organs, and are not thin-walled arteries supplying blood to capillaries. Elastic arteries have a specific structure and function related to their ability to accommodate blood pressure changes due to their elastic properties, which is essential for the cardiovascular system's proper functioning.
What are the four main regions of the stomach?
- A. Pylorus, cecum, fundus, body
- B. Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
- C. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum
- D. Cardia, fundus, body, ileum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus. The four main regions of the stomach are the cardia (where food enters), fundus (upper part), body (largest part), and pylorus (exit part to the small intestine). These regions play specific roles in the digestion process. Choice A is incorrect because the cecum is part of the large intestine, not the stomach. Choice C lists parts of the small intestine, not the stomach. Choice D is incorrect as the ileum is the last part of the small intestine, not a region of the stomach.