Nokea
What is the role of the spleen in the immune system?
- A. To filter blood and remove old red blood cells
- B. To produce white blood cells
- C. To store lymphocytes
- D. To produce antibodies
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The spleen plays a crucial role in the immune system by filtering blood, specifically removing old or damaged red blood cells. It also stores lymphocytes, which are white blood cells that help fight infections. While the spleen does not produce white blood cells or antibodies, its main functions lie in blood filtration and storage of immune cells. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Choice B is incorrect because the spleen does not produce white blood cells. Choice C is incorrect as the spleen stores lymphocytes but does not primarily function to do so. Choice D is incorrect because the spleen does not produce antibodies.
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Which hormone is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle?
- A. Insulin
- B. Melatonin
- C. Cortisol
- D. Thyroxine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Melatonin. Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, is the hormone involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. It plays a crucial role in signaling the body that it is time to sleep and is influenced by light exposure. Melatonin levels typically rise in the evening, promoting sleep, and decrease in the morning, helping in waking up. Choice A, Insulin, is involved in regulating blood sugar levels, not the sleep-wake cycle. Choice C, Cortisol, is a stress hormone that helps regulate metabolism and immune response but is not primarily involved in the sleep-wake cycle. Choice D, Thyroxine, is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism, growth, and development, but it is not directly involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle.
When an individual is under stress, hormones are released. Which of the following is not one of the locations in which hormones are released when under stress?
- A. Posterior pituitary
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Adrenal cortex
- D. Parathyroid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: During stress, hormones are released from the adrenal cortex, posterior pituitary, and hypothalamus to help the body respond. The parathyroid gland, however, is not typically involved in the stress response by releasing hormones. The posterior pituitary releases hormones like oxytocin and vasopressin, the hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin, while the adrenal cortex releases cortisol and aldosterone in response to stress. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Parathyroid.'
Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing sensory information related to touch, temperature, and body position?
- A. Frontal lobe
- B. Parietal lobe
- C. Occipital lobe
- D. Temporal lobe
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The parietal lobe is primarily responsible for processing sensory information related to touch, temperature, and body position. It plays a crucial role in interpreting sensations from different parts of the body, including proprioception, which is the awareness of body position. The frontal lobe is more associated with functions like decision-making and personality, the occipital lobe is primarily involved in visual processing, and the temporal lobe is responsible for auditory processing and memory. Therefore, the parietal lobe is the correct answer for this question.
Which structure in the ear is responsible for hearing?
- A. Cochlea
- B. Semicircular canals
- C. Ossicles
- D. Eustachian tube
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The cochlea, located in the inner ear, is responsible for detecting sound waves and converting them into neural signals that are sent to the brain for processing. It plays a crucial role in the process of hearing by translating mechanical vibrations into electrical signals that the brain can interpret as sound. The semicircular canals (Choice B) are responsible for balance and detecting head movements, not hearing. The ossicles (Choice C) are three tiny bones in the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea. The Eustachian tube (Choice D) helps equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere, but it is not directly involved in the process of hearing.
Which of the following is not part of the central nervous system?
- A. Retina
- B. Spinal cord
- C. Brain
- D. Heart
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and coordinating information. The retina is part of the eye, while the heart is part of the circulatory system. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Spinal cord' as it is not part of the central nervous system.