Bacteria causing bacillary dysentery can be isolated from the patient's blood:
- A. There is no bacteremia
- B. During the second week of illness
- C. During the first week of illness
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Bacillary dysentery primarily affects the intestinal tract, not the bloodstream.
2. Bacteremia is rare in bacillary dysentery, as the infection is localized.
3. Isolating bacteria from the blood is not a typical diagnostic feature.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Summary:
Bacteria causing bacillary dysentery are not typically isolated from the patient's blood due to the localized nature of the infection. Choices B and C are incorrect as they suggest specific timeframes, which are not relevant to bacteremia in this context. Choice D is incorrect as bacteremia is not associated with bacillary dysentery.
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What is the primary mode of transmission for tetanus?
- A. Ingestion of contaminated food
- B. Inhalation of droplets
- C. Contaminated wounds
- D. Direct physical contact
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Contaminated wounds. Tetanus is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which enters the body through breaks in the skin such as wounds or cuts. The bacteria produce a toxin that affects the nervous system, leading to muscle stiffness and spasms. Ingestion of contaminated food (choice A) is not a mode of transmission for tetanus. Inhalation of droplets (choice B) is more relevant for respiratory infections. Direct physical contact (choice D) is not the primary mode of transmission for tetanus as the bacteria need a portal of entry such as a wound to cause infection.
Bypass fume hoods belong to the group of
- A. general-purpose hoods.
- B. radioisotope hoods.
- C. perchloric acid hoods.
- D. biosafety cabinets.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: general-purpose hoods. Bypass fume hoods are designed to handle a wide range of chemical fumes and vapors, making them suitable for various types of experiments and processes. They are not specifically designed for radioisotopes (B), perchloric acid (C), or biological materials (D). Therefore, A is the correct choice for bypass fume hoods.
Microscopy of a wound abscess revealed Gram-negative rods producing blue-green pigment with a distinctive odor of jasmine. What is the likely causative agent?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Proteus vulgaris
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known for producing a blue-green pigment called pyocyanin, which gives the characteristic color seen in the wound abscess. The distinctive odor of jasmine is also a key feature of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proteus vulgaris (B) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (D) do not produce blue-green pigment or have a jasmine-like odor. Escherichia coli (C) typically does not produce blue-green pigment or have a jasmine-like odor.
Which of the following statements about in vitro cultivation of viruses is true?
- A. Viral cultivation under laboratory conditions is impossible
- B. Viruses are cultured on hen embryos, cell cultures and experimental animals
- C. Viruses are cultivated on special nutrient media
- D. Viruses are cultured only in human embryonic cell cultures
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because viruses can indeed be cultured on hen embryos, cell cultures, and experimental animals in vitro. This method allows for the replication and study of viruses outside the host organism. Option A is incorrect as viral cultivation is possible in laboratory settings. Option C is incorrect because while viruses can be grown on nutrient media, it is not the only method. Option D is incorrect as viruses can be cultured in various types of cell cultures, not just human embryonic ones.
A 6-year-old child has duodenal ulcer. What antibacterial drug should be co-administered together with metronidazole and De-Nol in order to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection?
- A. Amoxicillin
- B. Tetracycline
- C. Oleandomycin
- D. Biseptol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amoxicillin. Amoxicillin is commonly used in combination therapy with metronidazole and bismuth compounds like De-Nol to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Amoxicillin targets the bacterial cell wall synthesis, working synergistically with metronidazole to effectively eradicate the infection. Tetracycline (choice B) is not recommended in children under 8 years old due to potential tooth discoloration. Oleandomycin (choice C) is not commonly used for H. pylori infection. Biseptol (choice D) is a combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, not typically used for H. pylori eradication.