Nokea
Increased muscle mass with slowness of activity (Hoffman syndrome) is seen in:
- A. Acromegaly
- B. Myxoedema
- C. Pseudohypoparathyroidism
- D. Myotonia dystrophica
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acromegaly is a disorder caused by excessive growth hormone production by the pituitary gland in adults, leading to an increase in muscle mass (hypertrophy). Hoffman syndrome, characterized by increased muscle mass with slowness of activity, is a clinical feature often seen in individuals with acromegaly. The excessive growth hormone levels in acromegaly can cause acral growth, soft tissue swelling, and muscle hypertrophy, contributing to the characteristic features of the condition, including Hoffman syndrome. Therefore, the correct answer is Acromegaly.
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Effect of diabetes on foetus includes all except:
- A. Microsomia
- B. Hyperbilirubinaemia
- C. Stillbirth
- D. Open neural tube defect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperbilirubinemia is not a common effect of diabetes on the fetus. The correct effects of diabetes on the fetus include:
All of the following are potential causes of elevated LDL , except:
- A. Cirrhosis
- B. Hypothyroidism
- C. Nephrotic syndrome
- D. Thiazide diuretics
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cirrhosis is not a potential cause of elevated LDL cholesterol levels. The liver plays a significant role in cholesterol metabolism, and liver disease like cirrhosis can actually lead to decreased levels of LDL cholesterol. Elevated LDL cholesterol levels can be caused by conditions such as hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, or the use of certain medications like thiazide diuretics.
The receptors for non-steroid peptide hormones are found on the ______.
- A. plasma membrane
- B. nuclear envelope
- C. mitochondria
- D. lysosomes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The receptors for non-steroid peptide hormones are typically found on the plasma membrane of target cells. These hormones are large or polar molecules that cannot easily diffuse through the cell membrane. Instead, they bind to specific receptors on the cell surface, initiating signaling pathways that eventually lead to changes within the cell. Once the peptide hormone binds to its receptor on the plasma membrane, secondary messenger systems are activated to relay the signal into the cell and initiate the appropriate cellular response. This distinct mechanism of action highlights the importance of the plasma membrane as the location of receptors for non-steroid peptide hormones.
Which of the following is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide?
- A. Graves' disease
- B. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- C. Iatrogenic hypothyroidism
- D. Iodine deficiency
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. Iodine is an essential mineral required for the production of thyroid hormones. Without sufficient iodine, the thyroid gland is unable to produce an adequate amount of thyroid hormones, leading to hypothyroidism. Areas with low iodine levels in the soil or water are more prone to iodine deficiency, which can result in a range of thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism. Efforts to prevent iodine deficiency include iodized salt programs and dietary interventions to ensure an adequate intake of iodine.
Which of the following statements best describes Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
- A. Inflammation of the thyroid gland as the result of a virus. The disease is often preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection.
- B. A destructive autoimmune disease caused by auto-reactive antibodies against thyroglobulin.
- C. Iodine deficiency
- D. thyroid gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. The antibodies produced by the immune system target the thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland, leading to its destruction over time. This results in decreased thyroid hormone production, leading to hypothyroidism. Therefore, choice B, "A destructive autoimmune disease caused by auto-reactive antibodies against thyroglobulin," best describes Hashimoto's thyroiditis.