Nokea
Which best describes the concept of health promotion?
- A. Focusing on treating illness
- B. Encouraging healthy behaviors
- C. Ensuring access to care
- D. Focusing on disease prevention
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Encouraging healthy behaviors. Health promotion aims to empower individuals to take control of their health by adopting behaviors that prevent illness and promote overall well-being. This involves educating, motivating, and supporting people to make positive lifestyle choices. Treating illness (A) and ensuring access to care (C) are more related to healthcare delivery rather than health promotion. While disease prevention (D) is an important aspect of health promotion, it focuses specifically on preventing the occurrence of diseases rather than promoting overall health through positive behaviors.
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Which of the following is an example of a health disparity?
- A. Differences in health outcomes based on geographic location
- B. Differences in health outcomes based on socioeconomic status
- C. Differences in health outcomes based on age
- D. Differences in health outcomes based on genetic factors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Differences in health outcomes based on socioeconomic status. Health disparities refer to variations in health outcomes among different groups, often due to social, economic, and environmental factors. Socioeconomic status greatly influences access to healthcare, healthy living conditions, and resources, leading to disparities in health outcomes.
A: Differences based on geographic location can contribute to health inequities but do not directly address the impact of socioeconomic status on health outcomes.
C: Age-related differences in health outcomes are common but do not necessarily reflect disparities based on social determinants such as income or education.
D: Genetic factors can influence health outcomes, but health disparities typically focus on social determinants rather than biological factors.
What is the most crucial factor in determining the health of a community?
- A. Access to health care services
- B. Socioeconomic status
- C. Environmental quality
- D. Genetic predisposition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status influences access to healthcare, environmental quality, and genetic predisposition. Low socioeconomic status is linked to poorer health outcomes due to limited access to healthcare services, exposure to environmental hazards, and unhealthy lifestyle factors. It also impacts education, employment, and social support, all of which are crucial for community health. Access to healthcare services (A) is important but is influenced by socioeconomic status. Environmental quality (C) and genetic predisposition (D) play a role, but socioeconomic status has a broader impact on overall community health.
State whether each of the following statement is true (T) or false (F):
I. Epilepsy has a genetic predisposition and can be inherited
II. Old age is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease
- A. TT
- B. FT
- C. TF
- D. FF
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A):
I. Epilepsy can have a genetic predisposition, as certain genetic factors can increase the likelihood of developing epilepsy, making statement I true (T).
II. Old age is indeed a risk factor for Parkinson's disease, as the incidence of the disease increases with age, making statement II true (T).
Therefore, the correct answer is A (TT).
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: FT - This choice is incorrect because both statements I and II are true.
C: TF - This choice is incorrect because statement I is true (T) and statement II is also true (T).
D: FF - This choice is incorrect because both statements I and II are true.
What is the drug of choice for progressive multiple sclerosis?
- A. Ocrelizumab
- B. Dimethyl fumarate
- C. Teriflunomide
- D. Fluoroquinolones
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ocrelizumab. It is the drug of choice for progressive multiple sclerosis due to its proven efficacy in reducing disease progression and disability in clinical trials. Ocrelizumab specifically targets B cells, which play a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Dimethyl fumarate (B) and Teriflunomide (C) are more commonly used for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis rather than progressive forms. Fluoroquinolones (D) are antibiotics and have no role in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
Which is an example of tertiary prevention?
- A. Providing rehabilitation services
- B. Diagnosing and treating disease
- C. Health education to prevent complications
- D. Screening for complications
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because tertiary prevention focuses on managing and rehabilitating individuals who already have a disease or condition to prevent further complications and improve quality of life. Providing rehabilitation services falls under tertiary prevention as it aims to restore function and reduce disability post-diagnosis.
B: Diagnosing and treating disease is considered secondary prevention, which aims to detect and treat diseases early to prevent progression.
C: Health education to prevent complications is an example of primary prevention, which aims to prevent the development of diseases or conditions.
D: Screening for complications is part of secondary prevention, as it involves early detection and treatment to prevent complications.