Nokea
Which of the following statements is false?
- A. Hemoglobin functions as a buffer
- B. Bicarbonate ions tend to diffuse out of red blood cells into the blood plasma.
- C. The movement of molecules is in different directions in the metabolically active tissues and the alveoli.
- D. Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that promotes the formation of oxyhemoglobin.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate ions and protons, not the formation of oxyhemoglobin. Step-by-step rationale: 1. Hemoglobin functions as a buffer by binding to hydrogen ions to help regulate pH levels in the blood. 2. Bicarbonate ions do tend to diffuse out of red blood cells into the plasma to maintain the balance of CO2 and pH. 3. The movement of molecules is indeed different in metabolically active tissues (where oxygen is released and CO2 is taken up) compared to the alveoli (where the opposite occurs). Therefore, choices A, B, and C are all correct statements, making D the false statement.
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The obstructive lung disease in which connective tissues are lost, alveolar surfaces are damaged, and the respiratory surface is reduced is called
- A. asthma
- B. bronchitis
- C. emphysema
- D. tuberculosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Emphysema is the correct answer because it is characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls and connective tissues in the lungs, leading to reduced respiratory surface area. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection affecting the lungs. Emphysema best fits the description provided in the question.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately
- A. 40 mm Hg
- B. 45 mm Hg
- C. 50 mm Hg
- D. 70 mm Hg
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (45 mm Hg) because the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is typically around 40-45 mm Hg. This value represents the amount of CO2 dissolved in the blood plasma. Option A (40 mm Hg) is slightly on the lower side and may not fully reflect the average value. Option C (50 mm Hg) is higher than the usual range for venous blood CO2 levels. Option D (70 mm Hg) is significantly higher than the normal range and is more characteristic of arterial blood CO2 levels. Therefore, option B is the most accurate representation of the partial pressure of CO2 in venous blood.
The nurse supervises unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) providing care for a client who has right lower lobe pneumonia. Which action by the UAP requires the nurse to intervene?
- A. UAP assists the client to ambulate to the bathroom.
- B. UAP helps splint the client's chest during coughing.
- C. UAP transfers the client to a bedside chair for meals.
- D. UAP lowers the head of the client's bed to 15 degrees
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
1. In right lower lobe pneumonia, positioning the client with the affected side down helps improve ventilation and drainage.
2. Lowering the head of the bed to 15 degrees promotes pooling of secretions, worsening respiratory status.
3. A, B, and C are appropriate actions that promote client comfort and safety in pneumonia management.
4. Intervening in option D is crucial to prevent complications and promote effective respiratory care.
Which of the following factors predispose a client to the development of TB?
- A. Exposure to toxic gases
- B. Obstruction by tumor
- C. Congenital abnormalities
- D. Malnutrition
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Malnutrition weakens the immune system, increasing susceptibility to TB. A (exposure to toxic gases) is unrelated. B (obstruction by tumor) and C (congenital abnormalities) do not directly predispose to TB.
A nurse is working in a walk-in clinic. She has been alerted that there is an outbreak of tuberculosis (TB). Which of the following clients entering the clinic today is most likely to have TB?
- A. A 16-year-old female high school student
- B. A 33-year-old day-care worker.
- C. A 43-year-old homeless man with a history of alcoholism.
- D. A 54-year-old businessman.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, a 43-year-old homeless man with a history of alcoholism. This choice is most likely to have TB because individuals who are homeless and have a history of alcoholism are at higher risk for TB due to weakened immune systems and living conditions. Homelessness and alcoholism increase the likelihood of exposure to TB.
Explanation for other choices:
A: A 16-year-old female high school student - Less likely to have TB compared to homeless individuals with risk factors.
B: A 33-year-old day-care worker - Possible but less likely compared to the homeless man with a history of alcoholism.
D: A 54-year-old businessman - Least likely to have TB compared to the homeless individual with risk factors.