Nokea
What is the main water-holding force in the blood capillaries?
- A. Capillary blood pressure
- B. Sodium in the blood plasma
- C. Protein in the blood plasma
- D. Chloride in the blood plasma
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protein in the blood plasma. Plasma proteins, especially albumin, create oncotic pressure, which is the main force responsible for holding water within the blood capillaries. Capillary blood pressure (Choice A) is involved in pushing blood through the capillaries, while sodium and chloride in the blood plasma (Choices B and D) are electrolytes and do not play a significant role in the water-holding force within capillaries.
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Which negative ion is most abundant in blood plasma?
- A. Bicarbonate
- B. Chloride
- C. Hydroxide
- D. Phosphate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chloride (Cl-) is the most abundant anion in blood plasma. It plays a crucial role in maintaining osmotic balance and acid-base homeostasis. Bicarbonate (Choice A) is important for buffering acids in the body but is not the most abundant negative ion in blood plasma. Hydroxide (Choice C) is not typically found in high concentrations in blood plasma. Phosphate (Choice D) is an important anion in the body but is not as abundant as chloride in blood plasma.
What is the function of aldosterone?
- A. Regulates body temperature.
- B. Decreases blood pressure.
- C. Increases sodium reabsorption.
- D. Promotes water excretion.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys, which leads to an increase in blood volume and blood pressure. Choice A is incorrect as aldosterone does not regulate body temperature. Choice B is incorrect as aldosterone increases blood pressure by increasing sodium reabsorption. Choice D is incorrect as aldosterone promotes water retention by increasing sodium reabsorption.
A nurse is caring for a patient who requires measurement of specific gravity every 4 hours. What does this test detect?
- A. Nutritional deficit
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Hypercalcemia
- D. Fluid volume status
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Specific gravity is a test used to determine the concentration of solutes in the urine, reflecting the kidney's ability to concentrate urine. Changes in specific gravity can indicate fluid volume status, such as dehydration (fluid volume deficit) or overhydration (fluid volume excess). Options A, B, and C are incorrect as specific gravity does not directly detect nutritional deficits, hyperkalemia, or hypercalcemia.
The physician has ordered a peripheral IV to be inserted before the patient goes for computed tomography. What should the nurse do when selecting a site on the hand or arm for insertion of an IV catheter?
- A. Choose a site with minimal hair if available.
- B. Consider potential effects on the patient's mobility when selecting a site.
- C. Instruct the patient to hold his arm in a dependent position before insertion.
- D. Remove the tourniquet after 2 minutes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When selecting a site for IV insertion on the hand or arm, it is important to consider the potential effects on the patient's mobility. The chosen site should not interfere with the patient's movement. Instructing the patient to hold his arm in a dependent position helps increase blood flow, aiding in vein visualization and insertion. It is advisable to choose a site with minimal hair if possible for better adhesion of the dressing. Removing the tourniquet after 2 minutes is recommended to prevent complications like hemoconcentration and potential vein damage. Therefore, option B is the correct choice as it aligns with best practices for IV insertion.
What can cause dehydration?
- A. Prolonged vomiting.
- B. Prolonged diarrhea.
- C. Too little fluid intake.
- D. Prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, and too little fluid intake.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dehydration can result from significant fluid loss due to vomiting, diarrhea, or inadequate fluid intake. Prolonged vomiting and diarrhea lead to excessive fluid loss from the body, contributing to dehydration. Similarly, not consuming enough fluids can also result in dehydration. Choice A and B are too specific as they only mention one cause each, while choice C is also correct but does not encompass all the potential causes of dehydration as mentioned in choice D.