Fluid and Electrolytes ATI

Fluid and Electrolytes ATI Related

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A nurse in the medical-surgical unit is giving a patient with low blood pressure a hypertonic solution, which will increase the number of dissolved particles in his blood, creating pressure for fluids in the tissues to shift into the capillaries and increase the blood volume. Which of the following terms is associated with this process?

  • A. Hydrostatic pressure
  • B. Osmosis and osmolality
  • C. Diffusion
  • D. Active transport
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Osmosis is the movement of fluid from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane. The number of dissolved particles contained in a unit of fluid determines the osmolality of a solution, which influences the movement of fluid between the fluid compartments. Giving a patient who has a low blood pressure a hypertonic solution will increase the number of dissolved particles in the blood, creating pressure for fluids in the tissues to shift into the capillaries and increase the blood volume. Option A is incorrect; hydrostatic pressure refers to changes in water or volume related to water pressure. Option C is incorrect; diffusion is the movement of solutes from an area of greater concentration to lesser concentration. The solutes in an intact vascular system are unable to move, so diffusion should not normally take place. Option D is incorrect; active transport is the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient and requires ATP as an energy source. This process typically takes place at the cellular level and is not involved in vascular volume changes.

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A patient who is in renal failure partially loses the ability to regulate changes in pH because the kidneys:

  • A. Regulate and reabsorb carbonic acid to change and maintain pH
  • B. Buffer acids through electrolyte changes
  • C. Regenerate and reabsorb bicarbonate to maintain a stable pH
  • D. Combine carbonic acid and bicarbonate to maintain a stable pH
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

A female patient is discharged from the hospital after having an episode of heart failure. She's prescribed daily oral doses of digoxin (Lanoxin) and furosemide (Lasix). Two days later, she tells her community health nurse that she feels weak and her heart 'flutters' frequently. What action should the nurse take?

  • A. Tell the patient to rest more often.
  • B. Tell the patient to stop taking the digoxin, and call the physician.
  • C. Call the physician, report the symptoms, and request to draw a blood sample to determine the patient's potassium level.
  • D. Tell the patient to avoid foods that contain caffeine.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Furosemide is a potassium-wasting diuretic. A low potassium level may cause weakness and palpitations. Telling the patient to rest more often won't help the patient if she's hypokalemic. Digoxin isn't causing the patient's symptoms, so she doesn't need to stop taking it. The patient should probably avoid caffeine, but this wouldn't resolve potassium depletion.

A patient admitted with a gastrointestinal bleed and anemia is receiving a blood transfusion. Based upon the patient's hypotensive blood pressure, the nurse anticipates an order for IV fluids from the physician. Which of the following IV solutions may be administered with blood products?

  • A. D5 and .45% Normal Saline
  • B. Lactated Ringer's
  • C. 5% dextrose in water
  • D. 0.9% NaCl
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

The nurse preparing a site for the insertion of an IV catheter should treat excess hair at the site by:

  • A. Leaving the hair intact
  • B. Shaving the area
  • C. Clipping the hair in the area
  • D. Removing the hair with a depilatory
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

A patient who is hospitalized with a possible electrolyte imbalance is disoriented and weak, has an irregular pulse, and takes hydrochlorothiazide. He most likely suffers from:

  • A. Hypernatremia
  • B. Hyponatremia
  • C. Hyperkalemia
  • D. Hypokalemia
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

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