Nokea
Primary health care is a total approach to community development. Which of the following is an indicator of success in using the primary health care approach?
- A. Health services are provided free of charge to individuals and families
- B. Local officials are empowered as the major decision-makers in health matters
- C. Health workers can provide care based on identified health needs of the people
- D. Health programs are sustained according to the level of development of the community
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, as it highlights the sustainability aspect crucial in primary health care. Sustainable health programs align with the community's development level, ensuring long-term effectiveness.
A: Providing free health services is not an indicator of success as sustainability and community involvement are key.
B: While empowering local officials is important, it doesn't directly measure the success of the primary health care approach.
C: Providing care based on identified needs is a fundamental aspect but doesn't guarantee success without sustainability.
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Sputum examination is the major screening tool for pulmonary tuberculosis. Clients may sometimes receive false negative results in this exam. This means that the test is not perfect in terms of which characteristic of a diagnostic examination?
- A. Effectiveness
- B. Efficacy
- C. Specificity
- D. Sensitivity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Define false negative - An individual with the disease incorrectly identified as disease-free.
Step 2: Understand sensitivity - Ability to correctly identify individuals with the disease.
Step 3: False negatives indicate low sensitivity.
Step 4: Sensitivity is a key characteristic of a diagnostic test.
Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is D: Sensitivity.
Summary:
A: Effectiveness - Overall ability of the test to achieve its intended purpose.
B: Efficacy - Ability of the test under ideal conditions.
C: Specificity - Ability to correctly identify individuals without the disease.
D: Sensitivity - Ability to correctly identify individuals with the disease.
Which statistic best reflects the nutritional status of a population?
- A. 1-4 year old age-specific mortality rate
- B. Proportionate mortality rate
- C. Infant mortality rate
- D. Swaroop's index
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 1-4 year old age-specific mortality rate. This statistic reflects the overall health and nutritional status of a population by focusing on a specific age group vulnerable to malnutrition-related issues. It provides a comprehensive view of the impact of nutrition on child health and development. Proportionate mortality rate (B) measures the distribution of causes of death, not specifically related to nutrition. Infant mortality rate (C) focuses on deaths within the first year of life, which may not fully capture the nutritional status of the whole population. Swaroop's index (D) assesses life expectancy and income level, but does not directly measure nutritional status.
Which of the following demonstrates intersectoral linkages?
- A. Two-way referral system
- B. Team approach
- C. Endorsement by a midwife to another midwife
- D. Cooperation between public health nurse and public school teacher
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because it exemplifies intersectoral linkages by showcasing collaboration between different sectors (public health and education). This cooperation enables sharing of resources, expertise, and information to address broader community health needs. Choice A focuses on a single-sector referral system, Choice B emphasizes teamwork within the same sector, and Choice C highlights endorsement within a specific profession, all lacking the cross-sector collaboration seen in Choice D.
Knowing that malnutrition is a common community health issue, you decided to conduct a nutritional assessment. What population is particularly vulnerable to protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)?
- A. Pregnant women and the elderly
- B. Under 5-year-old children
- C. 1-4-year-old children
- D. School-age children
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, under 5-year-old children. They are particularly vulnerable to protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) due to their high nutritional needs for growth and development. Infants and young children have limited food intake capacity and are dependent on caregivers for proper nutrition. This age group is at a critical stage of growth, making them more susceptible to the negative impact of malnutrition on physical and cognitive development. Pregnant women and the elderly (choice A) have specific nutritional needs but are not as vulnerable to PEM as young children. Choices C and D are incorrect as 1-4-year-old children and school-age children have a lower risk of PEM compared to under 5-year-old children.
What is given to a child with measles?
- A. Tetanus toxoid
- B. Vitamin A
- C. Vitamin D
- D. Vitamin E
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Vitamin A. During measles, Vitamin A supplementation is crucial to reduce the risk of complications and improve recovery. Vitamin A deficiency is common in children with measles and can lead to severe outcomes. Tetanus toxoid (A) is not indicated in measles treatment. Vitamin D (C) and Vitamin E (D) do not play a significant role in managing measles symptoms. In summary, Vitamin A is essential for children with measles to prevent complications and support recovery, making it the correct choice among the options provided.