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12 lead Electrocardiography (ECG) is a diagnostic tool used to assess the cardiovascular system. Which of the following are not diagnosed by ECG?
- A. Arrhythmias
- B. Conduction abnormalities
- C. Fluid overload
- D. Enlargement of heart chambers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: ECG maps heart's electric arrhythmias, blocks, chamber bulges show up. Fluid overload? Physical, echo territory ECG hints, doesn't nail it. Nurses pair tools, a chronic heart's partial scope.
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For a patient on the chemotherapeutic drug vincristine (Oncovin), which of the following side effects should be reported to the physician?
- A. Fatigue
- B. Nausea and vomiting
- C. Paresthesia
- D. Anorexia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vincristine, a vinca alkaloid, disrupts nerve function, making paresthesia tingling or numbness a critical side effect signaling neurotoxicity, warranting physician review for dose adjustment or cessation. Fatigue, nausea, and anorexia, while common in chemotherapy, are manageable with nursing interventions rest, antiemetics, small meals unless severe. Paresthesia's specificity to vincristine's mechanism, targeting microtubules, elevates its urgency; unchecked, it risks permanent nerve damage, impacting mobility and quality of life. Reporting it ensures timely intervention, distinguishing it from routine effects, a key nursing responsibility in monitoring chemotherapy's narrow therapeutic window.
Which of the following is a priority nursing intervention for a client in atrial fibrillation with a rate of 180 beats per minute?
- A. Apply compression stockings
- B. Administer medications to slow the rate
- C. Administer anticoagulants
- D. Monitor urine output
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: AF at 180 bpm tanks output meds like beta-blockers or amiodarone slow it, restoring flow, a priority per ABCs over stockings' vein aid. Anticoagulants curb clots later; urine's secondary. Nurses push rate control, steadying this wild heart, a critical fix in this tachycardic storm.
Which of the following is the surgical treatment of choice for end-stage heart failure?
- A. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)
- B. Percutaneous angiogram
- C. Genetic counseling
- D. Ventricular assist devices (VADs)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: End-stage heart failure, when drugs and pacing fail, leans on ventricular assist devices mechanical pumps aiding circulation, a bridge to transplant or destination therapy. CRT syncs ventricles, less invasive, but VADs tackle severe pump collapse. Angiograms diagnose, not treat; genetic counseling's irrelevant. Nurses prep for VADs, managing post-op risks, the go-to surgical fix in this terminal cardiac scenario.
There are several mechanisms through which AGEs can lead to increased oxidative stress. Question: Which AGE-induced mechanism supposedly plays an important role in the development of oxidative stress in endothelial cells?
- A. Crosslinking of matrix proteins
- B. Induction of apoptosis
- C. Intracellular glycation by methylglyoxal
- D. All three statements provided above are correct
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: AGEs spark stress methylglyoxal's indoor glycation fries cells, outpacing crosslinking or death calls. Key in endothelium, a chronic oxidative kick nurses target this mess.
During his internship at a general practice, a medical student is asked to check the blood glucose level in a 50-year-old patient with type 2 diabetes. The measurement is performed at a random moment and the carbohydrate intake has not been standardised before the measurement is taken. The result of the measurement is shown below. The general practitioner (GP) asks the student to report the result using standard medical terminology. Question: Which diagnosis is most consistent with the findings provided above?
- A. Hyperglycaemia
- B. Hypoglycaemia
- C. Hyperglycaemia with hyperosmolar state
- D. Normoglycaemia (euglycaemia)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Random high glucose in type 2 hyperglycaemia, no hypo, osmolar crash, or norm. Nurses call this, a chronic sugar spike.