Nokea
2 weeks since the blood transfusion a recepient has developed fever. What protozoal disease can it be?
- A. Trypanosomiasis
- B. Malaria
- C. Amebiasis
- D. Toxoplasmosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Malaria. Fever developing 2 weeks post-blood transfusion is characteristic of malaria due to the incubation period of the parasite. Trypanosomiasis presents earlier, amebiasis usually causes GI symptoms, and toxoplasmosis typically manifests with flu-like symptoms. Malaria is the most likely cause based on the timing and clinical presentation.
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The bacitracin sensitivity test demonstrates
- A. staphylococci
- B. pneumococci
- C. intestinal bacteria
- D. group A streptococci
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The bacitracin sensitivity test is used to differentiate between different types of streptococci. Group A streptococci are sensitive to bacitracin, which means they will show inhibition around the bacitracin disk. This sensitivity is a characteristic feature of group A streptococci and helps in their identification. Staphylococci, pneumococci, and intestinal bacteria do not exhibit this sensitivity to bacitracin. Therefore, the correct answer is D: group A streptococci.
Which of the following scientists discovered the antibiotic properties of Penicillium?
- A. Alexander Fleming
- B. Louis Pasteur
- C. Joseph Lister
- D. Edward Jenner
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Alexander Fleming. He discovered the antibiotic properties of Penicillium in 1928. Fleming observed that a mold called Penicillium notatum inhibited the growth of bacteria, leading to the discovery of penicillin. Louis Pasteur is known for his work on pasteurization and microbiology, not penicillin. Joseph Lister is known for pioneering antiseptic surgery techniques. Edward Jenner is known for developing the smallpox vaccine, not penicillin. Fleming's discovery revolutionized medicine by introducing the first antibiotic, penicillin, which has saved countless lives.
Which of the following statements regarding the antigenic shift is NOT true?
- A. It is due to exchange of genetic information between animal and human influenza A virus
- B. It is due to the direct passage in the human population of animal or avian influenza viruses of type A
- C. It is due to the recirculation of a previously circulating influenza strain
- D. It is due to dot mutations that are the base of small antigenic changes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because antigenic shift is a major change in the influenza virus where genetic material from different influenza viruses mix to create a new subtype. This is a large-scale change that results in a novel virus with a different antigenic composition. Option A and B are incorrect because antigenic shift does involve the exchange of genetic information between animal and human influenza A viruses, and it does occur when animal or avian influenza viruses of type A directly pass into the human population. Option C is incorrect because antigenic shift is not related to the recirculation of a previously circulating influenza strain.
Some of the viruses have a cubic type of symmetry, which in the shape of:
- A. Icosahedral structures
- B. Hexahedral structure
- C. Tetrahedral structure
- D. Dodecahedral structure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Icosahedral structures. Icosahedral symmetry is commonly found in viruses due to its efficient way of packing genetic material. The icosahedron has 20 equilateral triangular faces, making it ideal for viral capsids. The other choices, B: Hexahedral, C: Tetrahedral, and D: Dodecahedral structures, do not accurately describe the cubic type of symmetry seen in viruses. Hexahedral refers to a six-faced polyhedron, tetrahedral to a four-faced polyhedron, and dodecahedral to a twelve-faced polyhedron, none of which align with the structure commonly observed in viruses.
Legionellosis has the following clinical forms:
- A. Legionnaires disease and pontiac fever
- B. Skin and intestinal form
- C. Lymphatic, lung and intestinal forms
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Legionellosis is caused by the Legionella bacteria.
Step 2: Legionellosis has two main clinical forms - Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever.
Step 3: Legionnaires disease presents with severe pneumonia symptoms, while Pontiac fever is a milder flu-like illness.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is A: Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever.
Summary:
- Choice B (Skin and intestinal form) is incorrect as Legionellosis primarily affects the lungs.
- Choice C (Lymphatic, lung, and intestinal forms) is incorrect as it does not accurately represent the clinical forms of Legionellosis.
- Choice D (None of the above) is incorrect as Legionellosis does have specific clinical forms.