Nokea
A 2-year-old child is being evaluated for a right flank mass; radiological appearance is consistent with rupture of Wilms tumor. The BEST therapeutic approach for this child is
- A. radiotherapy
- B. concomitant chemotherapy-radiotherapy
- C. another surgery
- D. observation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy are essential to manage ruptured Wilms tumor and reduce the risk of dissemination.
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Recent studies indicate that a deficiency of which vitamin correlates with increased morbidity and mortality in children with measles?
- A. A
- B. C
- C. Niacin
- D. Folic acid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Recent studies have shown that a deficiency of vitamin A correlates with increased morbidity and mortality in children with measles. Vitamin A plays a crucial role in supporting the immune system and helps protect against severe complications of measles, such as pneumonia and vision problems. Children with measles are at higher risk of vitamin A deficiency due to factors such as decreased intake and increased utilization of vitamin A during infection. Providing vitamin A supplementation to children with measles has been shown to reduce the severity of the disease and improve outcomes. Therefore, ensuring adequate vitamin A levels is essential in the management of children with measles to reduce morbidity and mortality.
A 3-year-old attends her grandfather's funeral. Her parents told her he is in heaven with God. Which statement best describes her understanding of spirituality?
- A. The body is here, and the spirit is in heaven.
- B. He is in heaven. Is this heaven?
- C. She will think that because she can see his body, he must still be here.
- D. He won't need his body in heaven.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Three-year-olds are literal thinkers; if they see a body, they may assume that the person is still present.
Nearly all cervical carcinomas contain human papillomavirus (HPV). Which of the following types is never associated with such malignancy?
- A. type6
- B. type 16
- C. type 18
- D. type 31
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: HPV type 6 is typically associated with low-grade lesions and genital warts, not cervical carcinoma.
You are meeting with parents of a 12-year-old girl who recently diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The statement that should be included in your discussion is
- A. PTC has a grim overall prognosis
- B. FTC do not require radioactive iodine therapy
- C. supraphysiologic levothyroxine therapy is required during long-term follow-up
- D. calcitonin/carcinogenic antigen monitoring is required during the course of treatment
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Levothyroxine suppression therapy is standard in differentiated thyroid cancer.
Which is most descriptive of clinical reasoning?
- A. A simple developmental process
- B. Purposeful and goal-directed
- C. Based on deliberate and irrational thought
- D. Assists individuals in guessing what is most appropriate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Clinical reasoning is a complex cognitive process used by healthcare providers to make sound clinical decisions about patient care. It involves the gathering and analyzing of information, as well as the formulation and evaluation of potential treatment options. Clinical reasoning is purposeful in that it is driven by the goal of providing the best possible care for the patient. Healthcare providers use their knowledge, skills, and experience to systematically work through patient problems, identify possible solutions, and make informed decisions. The process is goal-directed, aiming to achieve positive health outcomes for the patient based on the best available evidence and clinical expertise.