Nokea
A 2-year-old child should be able to:
- A. Name three colours correctly
- B. Use plurals
- C. Build a tower of five blocks
- D. Kick a ball on request
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A 2-year-old can typically build a tower of five blocks. Naming colors and using plurals are more advanced skills, and kicking a ball is variable.
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A psychiatric referral is warranted in a preschool child with the following:
- A. Night terrors
- B. Separation anxiety
- C. Scared of ghosts
- D. Masturbation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Separation anxiety in a preschool child, especially if it is severe and persistent, may warrant a psychiatric referral to assess for anxiety disorders.
List FOUR other cardiac manifestations for Marfan’s syndrome, aside from aortopathy.
- A. Mitral valve prolapse/regurgitation
- B. Calcification of the mitral valve <40 years
- C. Dilation of pulmonary artery
- D. Dilation or dissection of ascending/descending aorta (<50 years old)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Marfan's syndrome may involve multiple cardiac complications including mitral valve prolapse and other structural heart abnormalities.
A nurse is caring for a child with a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease. Which of the following is a common complication of this disease?
- A. Pulmonary hypertension
- B. Aneurysms of the coronary arteries
- C. Diabetes mellitus
- D. Ventricular arrhythmias
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Aneurysms of the coronary arteries are a common and serious complication of Kawasaki disease.
What is one of the most frequent causes of hypovolemic shock in children?
- A. Sepsis
- B. Blood loss
- C. Anaphylaxis
- D. Congenital heart disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Blood loss is the most frequent cause of hypovolemic shock in children. Sepsis causes septic shock, which is overwhelming sepsis and circulating bacterial toxins. Anaphylactic shock results from extreme allergy or hypersensitivity to a foreign substance. Congenital heart disease contributes to hypervolemia, not hypovolemia.
Acetazolamide:
- A. Is used in the management of renal tubular acidosis
- B. Causes hypokalaemia
- C. Is usually given intravenously
- D. Inhibits the action of carbonic anhydrase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Inhibits the action of carbonic anhydrase: Acetazolamide works by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase, reducing the reabsorption of bicarbonate in the kidneys and helping with conditions like glaucoma, metabolic alkalosis, and altitude sickness.