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A 20 year old male patient is diagnosed with Chaga’s disease, American trypanosomiasis. Which drug would be the most appropriate for this patient?
- A. Nifurtimox
- B. Metronidazole
- C. Suramin
- D. Chloroquine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nifurtimox. Nifurtimox is the first-line treatment for Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. It is effective in treating both acute and chronic phases of the disease by reducing parasitemia. Metronidazole (B) is used for anaerobic bacterial infections, not trypanosomiasis. Suramin (C) is used for African trypanosomiasis, not American trypanosomiasis. Chloroquine (D) is used for malaria, not trypanosomiasis. Therefore, A is the most appropriate choice for this patient.
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Which of the following fungicidal drug that acts by inhibiting fungal squalene epoxidase enzyme and is the drug of choice for onychomycosis of the toe nails in 56 year old woman with diabetes?
- A. Griseofulvin
- B. Terbinafine
- C. Itraconazole
- D. Amphotericin B
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Terbinafine is a fungicidal drug that inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase enzyme, disrupting fungal cell membrane synthesis.
Step 2: Onychomycosis of toenails is a common fungal infection that terbinafine is specifically effective against.
Step 3: The patient being a 56-year-old woman with diabetes may require a drug with good efficacy and safety profile, making terbinafine an appropriate choice.
Step 4: Griseofulvin (A) works by disrupting microtubule function, not inhibiting squalene epoxidase. Itraconazole (C) is an azole antifungal that inhibits ergosterol synthesis, not squalene epoxidase. Amphotericin B (D) is a polyene antifungal used for systemic mycoses, not onychomycosis.
This drug is a pyrophosphate analog which inhibit DNA polymerase and * reverse transcriptase, is used only to treat associated cytomegalovirus infection in AIDS patient.
- A. Acyclovir
- B. Valacyclovir
- C. Amantadine
- D. Foscarnet
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Foscarnet. Foscarnet is a pyrophosphate analog that inhibits both DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase, making it effective against cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in AIDS patients. Acyclovir (A) and Valacyclovir (B) are antiviral drugs used for herpes infections, not CMV. Amantadine (C) is an antiviral used for influenza, not CMV. Therefore, Foscarnet is the correct choice for treating CMV in AIDS patients.
The primary role of the phosphate buffer system is to?
- A. buffer stomach acid
- B. buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide
- C. limit pH changes caused by metabolic and fixed acids
- D. buffer the urine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: limit pH changes caused by metabolic and fixed acids.
1. Phosphate buffer system consists of dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-) and hydrogen phosphate (HPO4^2-) ions, which can donate or accept H+ ions to maintain a stable pH.
2. Metabolic and fixed acids produced in the body can lead to pH changes. The phosphate buffer system helps to prevent drastic changes in pH by neutralizing excess H+ ions.
3. Options A, B, and D are incorrect because the phosphate buffer system is not specifically designed to buffer stomach acid, carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide, or buffer the urine.
________ is not normally found in urine, and its presence may indicate a problem with the kidneys.
- A. Albumin
- B. Bilirubin
- C. Ammonium
- D. Urea
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Albumin. Albumin is a protein normally found in blood but not in urine. Its presence in urine, known as proteinuria, may indicate a problem with the kidneys such as kidney damage or dysfunction in filtering blood. Bilirubin (B) is a product of red blood cell breakdown and its presence in urine indicates liver or bile duct issues. Ammonium (C) is a normal byproduct of protein metabolism and is excreted in urine. Urea (D) is a waste product of protein metabolism and is normally found in urine.
A woman states that 2 weeks ago she had a urinary tract infection that was treated with an antibiotic. As a part of the interview, the nurse should ask, 'Have you noticed any':
- A. Changes in your urination patterns?
- B. Excessive vaginal bleeding?
- C. Unusual vaginal discharge or itching?
- D. Changes in your desire for intercourse?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C is correct because UTI treatment can disrupt the vaginal microbiome, leading to yeast infection symptoms like unusual discharge or itching. A is relevant but focuses on only one aspect. B and D are unrelated to UTI treatment outcomes.