Nokea
A 24-yr-old woman says she wants to begin using oral contraceptives. Which information from the nursing assessment is important to report to the health care provider before a prescription is considered?
- A. The patient quit smoking 5 months previously.
- B. The patient’s blood pressure is 150/86 mm Hg.
- C. The patient has not been vaccinated for rubella
- D. The patient has chronic iron-deficiency anemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a contraindication for oral contraceptives due to increased risk of cardiovascular events.
Step 2: BP of 150/86 mm Hg falls in the hypertensive range.
Step 3: Reporting high BP to the healthcare provider is crucial for assessing the patient's cardiovascular risk.
Step 4: Other choices are not immediate contraindications for oral contraceptives: A - Smoking cessation is a positive factor, C - Rubella vaccination can be addressed separately, D - Iron-deficiency anemia can be managed alongside oral contraceptives.
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Which vitamin is essential for bone formation?
- A. A
- B. D
- C. B
- D. K
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Vitamin D. Vitamin D is essential for bone formation as it helps the body absorb calcium, a key mineral for bone health. Without sufficient vitamin D, the body cannot effectively utilize calcium, leading to weakened bones. Vitamin A (Choice A) is important for vision and immune function, not specifically bone formation. Vitamin C (Choice C) is crucial for collagen synthesis but not directly involved in bone formation. Vitamin K (Choice D) plays a role in blood clotting and bone mineralization but is not as directly linked to bone formation as Vitamin D.
Which of the following components of the fetoplacental (endocrine) unit is similar to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and stimulates T4 secretion by the maternal thyroid?
- A. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- B. Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS, hPL)
- C. IGF I and IGF II
- D. Endothelial growth factor (EGF)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) acts like TSH, stimulating T4 secretion by the maternal thyroid.
2. hCG is produced by the placenta and has a similar structure and function to TSH.
3. hCG binds to the TSH receptor on the thyroid gland, triggering T4 release.
4. Other options do not specifically target the thyroid gland for T4 secretion.
Summary:
A: hCG mimics TSH and directly stimulates T4 release.
B: hCS, hPL - involved in placental growth and lactation, not thyroid stimulation.
C: IGF I and II - growth factors, not directly related to thyroid function.
D: EGF - promotes cell growth and differentiation, not linked to thyroid hormone secretion.
Medial lower arm bone is
- A. Humerus
- B. Radius
- C. Ulna
- D. Carpals
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ulna. The ulna is the medial lower arm bone located on the pinky side. It articulates with the humerus at the elbow joint and with the radius at the wrist joint. The humerus (A) is the upper arm bone, not located in the lower arm. The radius (B) is the lateral lower arm bone, not the medial one. Carpals (D) refer to the wrist bones, not the lower arm bones. Therefore, the ulna is the correct answer as it is the specific bone that fits the description of being the medial lower arm bone.
A patient tells the nurse that he has been informed he has internal hemorrhoids and asks whether there are different types of hemorrhoids. What is the nurse’s most appropriate response?
- A. Internal hemorrhoids are usually seen outside the anus and appear blue.
- B. Sometimes patients have other diseases, such as anal warts, that may be mistaken for internal hemorrhoids.
- C. Internal hemorrhoids are found higher in the rectum and usually can’t be felt unless they are infected or prolapsed.
- D. Both internal and external hemorrhoids arise from the same general area and produce the same kinds of symptoms.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C is correct:
1. Internal hemorrhoids are located higher in the rectum, typically above the dentate line.
2. They are not usually palpable unless they are prolapsed or thrombosed.
3. This differentiates them from external hemorrhoids, which are located below the dentate line and are often palpable.
4. Choice C accurately describes the typical characteristics of internal hemorrhoids.
5. Choices A, B, and D provide inaccurate information regarding the location, appearance, and characteristics of internal hemorrhoids, making them incorrect.
What does line “G” point to?
- A. Dartos muscle
- B. Cremaster muscle
- C. Fascia
- D. Tunica albuginea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cremaster muscle. Line "G" points to the cremaster muscle because it is the muscle responsible for raising and lowering the testes to regulate their temperature. This muscle is located within the spermatic cord and is crucial for maintaining optimal conditions for sperm production. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: The dartos muscle is responsible for wrinkling the scrotal skin but is not depicted by line "G."
C: Fascia refers to connective tissue and does not match the description of the muscle shown by line "G."
D: The tunica albuginea is a fibrous coat around the testis but is not represented by line "G."