Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System

Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System Related

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A 38-year-old patient presents to the clinic office complaining of increased bilateral tenderness of her breasts prior to the onset of menses. On questioning the patient, this

  • A. Physical examination reveals lumpy areas bilaterally on the upper outer quadrants of each
  • B. The areas of concern are approximately 2 cm in siz
  • C. Based on this assessment, which diagnostic testing would be necessary? (Select all that apply.)
  • D. Ultrasound examination
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because lumpy areas on the upper outer quadrants of the breasts are characteristic of fibrocystic breast changes, which commonly cause increased tenderness before menses. This finding is important for differential diagnosis and management. Choice B is incorrect because the size of the areas is less relevant than the location and characteristics. Choice C is incorrect as it is not specific to the clinical presentation described. Choice D is incorrect because while an ultrasound may be used in assessing breast lumps, the initial step would be to identify the specific characteristics on physical examination.

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1If a new mother asks about bottle-feeding human milk so the father can experience feeding the infant, she should be advised to wait for at least

  • A. 24 to 48 hours
  • B. one week
  • C. 4 weeks
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Introducing bottles too early may interfere with breastfeeding establishment.

Each of the following structures is a part of the vulva except the:

  • A. Mons pubis
  • B. Labia majora
  • C. Perineum
  • D. Clitoris
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The perineum is not part of the vulva but rather the area between the vaginal orifice and the anus.

Human milk can be kept frozen in the freezer section of a side-by-side refrigerator-freezer for

  • A. 2 weeks
  • B. 3 to 4 months
  • C. 6 months
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Properly stored frozen human milk remains safe and nutritious for several months.

The chromosomal disorder CORRECTLY matched with its karyotype is:

  • A. Turner’s syndrome – 45X0
  • B. Klinefelter’s syndrome – XYY
  • C. Patau’s syndrome – Trisomy 21
  • D. Edward’s syndrome – Trisomy 13
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Turner's syndrome is characterized by a missing X chromosome, resulting in a karyotype of 45X0.
2. Klinefelter's syndrome involves an extra X chromosome, leading to a karyotype of 47XXY.
3. Patau's syndrome is Trisomy 13, not Trisomy 21.
4. Edward's syndrome is Trisomy 18, not Trisomy 13.
Therefore, the correct answer is A because Turner's syndrome is correctly matched with a karyotype of 45X0.

When conducting a review of the literature as part of evidence-based research, the level of evidence that is based on a quasi-experimental study, such as a matched case-control study, would be categorized as

  • A. Level I
  • B. Level II
  • C. Level III
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Quasi-experimental studies fall under Level III evidence.

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