Nokea
A 40-year-old patient presents with abdominal pain, frequent loose stools with mucus and blood. Stool analysis revealed vegetative forms of some protozoa sized 30-40 microns, with short pseudopodia, containing large amounts of phagocytosed erythrocytes. What protozoan disease does the patient have?
- A. Amebiasis
- B. Leishmaniasis
- C. Trichomoniasis
- D. Giardiasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is Amebiasis. The patient's symptoms of abdominal pain, loose stools with mucus and blood, along with the presence of protozoa containing phagocytosed erythrocytes in stool analysis are indicative of Entamoeba histolytica infection. The size (30-40 microns) and pseudopodia characteristics match E. histolytica. Amebiasis commonly presents with dysentery, while Leishmaniasis (B) typically causes skin ulcers. Trichomoniasis (C) is a sexually transmitted infection, not associated with the described symptoms. Giardiasis (D) is characterized by foul-smelling diarrhea and steatorrhea, not bloody diarrhea as seen in this case.
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Treponemae are motile because of:
- A. axial filaments
- B. mans peritrichous filaments
- C. single monotrichous filament
- D. fimbriae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: axial filaments. Treponemae are motile due to their unique structure of axial filaments, also known as endoflagella. These axial filaments are located within the periplasmic space of the organism and are responsible for the corkscrew-like motility of Treponemae. The other choices (B: mans peritrichous filaments, C: single monotrichous filament, D: fimbriae) do not play a role in the motility of Treponemae. Peritrichous filaments and single monotrichous filaments are not present in Treponemae, and fimbriae are primarily involved in adhesion rather than motility.
Adenoviruses have helical capsids:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. Both answers can be correct depending on the given situation
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Adenoviruses are known to have icosahedral capsids, not helical.
Step 2: Helical capsids are typically found in viruses like tobacco mosaic virus.
Step 3: Therefore, the statement that adenoviruses have helical capsids is FALSE.
Summary: A is incorrect as adenoviruses do not have helical capsids. C is incorrect as there is no situation where adenoviruses have helical capsids. D is incorrect as there is a clear correct answer, which is B.
Bacteria causing bacillary dysentery can be isolated from the patient's blood:
- A. There is no bacteremia
- B. During the second week of illness
- C. During the first week of illness
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Bacillary dysentery primarily affects the intestinal tract, not the bloodstream.
2. Bacteremia is rare in bacillary dysentery, as the infection is localized.
3. Isolating bacteria from the blood is not a typical diagnostic feature.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Summary:
Bacteria causing bacillary dysentery are not typically isolated from the patient's blood due to the localized nature of the infection. Choices B and C are incorrect as they suggest specific timeframes, which are not relevant to bacteremia in this context. Choice D is incorrect as bacteremia is not associated with bacillary dysentery.
The main function of bacterial ribosomes is:
- A. DNA replication
- B. protein synthesis
- C. cell wall synthesis
- D. RNA splicing
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: protein synthesis. Bacterial ribosomes are responsible for translating messenger RNA into proteins through a process called translation. Ribosomes are composed of both protein and RNA molecules and facilitate the binding of transfer RNA to the messenger RNA to assemble the amino acids in the correct order to form a protein. DNA replication (A) is carried out by enzymes such as DNA polymerase, not ribosomes. Cell wall synthesis (C) is a process involving enzymes that build the structure of the cell wall in bacteria. RNA splicing (D) is a eukaryotic process that involves removing introns from pre-mRNA molecules, which is not a function of bacterial ribosomes.
A 34 year old male patient consulted a doctor about face carbuncle. Objectively: a loose, painless edema of hypodermic tissue; black crust in the center of carbuncle, vesicular rash around it. Microbiological examination revealed static streptobacilli capable of capsule building. What microorganisms are the causative agents of this disease?
- A. Bacillus antracis
- B. Staptylococcus aureus
- C. Bacillus subtilis
- D. Bacillus anthracoides
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium is a common causative agent of skin infections like carbuncles. Staphylococcus aureus is known for its ability to produce pus-filled abscesses, which aligns with the symptoms described in the question. The presence of a vesicular rash around the carbuncle further supports this diagnosis, as Staphylococcus aureus can cause skin lesions. The other choices are not correct because:
A: Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, which presents with different symptoms such as fever, malaise, and respiratory symptoms.
C: Bacillus subtilis is a harmless soil bacterium commonly used in research and not known to cause skin infections.
D: Bacillus anthracoides is not a known pathogen and is not associated with human infections.