Nokea
A 45-year-old patient complains of fever up to 40oC, general weakness, headache and spasmodic contraction of muscles in the region of a shin wound. The patient got injured five days ago when tilling soil and didn't seek medical attention. What kind of wound infection can be suspected?
- A. Tetanus
- B. Anthrax
- C. Erysipelas
- D. Gram-positive
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: The patient's symptoms align with tetanus infection, such as muscle spasms and fever.
Step 2: Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria found in soil.
Step 3: The wound from tilling soil provides an entry point for the bacteria.
Step 4: Delayed seeking medical attention increases the risk of tetanus development.
Step 5: Tetanus toxin affects the nervous system, leading to muscle stiffness and spasms.
Summary: Choice A is correct due to symptom alignment, bacterial source, wound type, delayed treatment, and specific neurological effects. Choices B, C, and D lack these specific connections to the given scenario.
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Which of the following pathogenic mechanisms are not typical for autoimmune reactions?
- A. Decreased functional activity of T-suppressors
- B. Loss of tolerance for T-helpers and B-lymphocytes
- C. Ag released by normally isolated tissues
- D. Formation of CD4+ cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Formation of CD4+ cells. In autoimmune reactions, CD4+ cells are actually involved in the immune response. Here's the rationale:
1. CD4+ cells are helper T cells that play a crucial role in activating other immune cells in autoimmune reactions.
2. Decreased functional activity of T-suppressors (Choice A) is typical in autoimmune reactions as it leads to unchecked immune responses.
3. Loss of tolerance for T-helpers and B-lymphocytes (Choice B) is common in autoimmune reactions, where the immune system mistakenly attacks self-cells.
4. Ag released by normally isolated tissues (Choice C) is a typical mechanism in autoimmune reactions where self-antigens trigger immune responses.
Microscopic examination of a smear from a patient with diphtheria revealed dark blue-staining granules at the ends of rod-shaped bacteria. What staining technique was likely used?
- A. Neisser's staining
- B. Ziehl-Neelsen staining
- C. Gram staining
- D. Giemsa staining
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Neisser's staining. Neisser's staining is used to detect metachromatic granules in bacteria, which appear as dark blue-staining granules at the ends of rod-shaped bacteria in diphtheria. This technique specifically targets these granules, making it ideal for identifying Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causative agent of diphtheria. Ziehl-Neelsen staining is used for acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Gram staining is for classifying bacteria based on cell wall composition, and Giemsa staining is used for detecting parasites and certain blood cells, making them incorrect for identifying granules in diphtheria.
When microorganisms enter the circulatory system through the lymphatic drainage and cause an infection, the condition is called:
- A. bacteremia
- B. septicemia
- C. microbemia
- D. viremia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: microbemia. When microorganisms enter the circulatory system via the lymphatic drainage, the condition is specifically termed microbemia. This term focuses on the presence of microorganisms in the bloodstream.
Rationale:
1. Bacteremia (choice A) refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, not specifically microorganisms as a whole.
2. Septicemia (choice B) is a severe infection causing systemic inflammation due to the presence of pathogens or their toxins in the blood, not limited to microorganisms entering via lymphatic drainage.
3. Viremia (choice D) is the presence of viruses in the bloodstream, not a term used for microorganisms entering through the lymphatic drainage.
In summary, the term microbemia accurately describes the scenario of microorganisms entering the circulatory system through lymphatic drainage, making it the correct choice over the other options.
Which of the following bacteria are known for causing urinary tract infections?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- C. Staphylococcus aureus
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (All of the above) because all three bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) are known to cause urinary tract infections. E. coli is the most common causative agent of UTIs due to its ability to colonize the urethra. P. aeruginosa can cause UTIs in hospitalized patients with catheters. S. aureus is less common but can lead to UTIs, especially in individuals with underlying health conditions. Therefore, all three bacteria are potential pathogens for UTIs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each of these bacteria can individually cause UTIs, making the correct answer D.
In the sixteenth century a father-and-son team, by the name of __________, produced a compound microscope consisting of a simple tube with lenses at each end.
- A. van Leeuwenhoek
- B. Semmelweis
- C. Janssen
- D. Hooke
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Janssen. In the 16th century, Zacharias Janssen and his father Hans Janssen are credited with inventing the compound microscope. They constructed a simple tube with lenses at each end, allowing for magnification of small objects. This innovation laid the foundation for the development of modern microscopes. Van Leeuwenhoek is known for his contributions to microbiology but did not invent the compound microscope. Semmelweis is known for his work in handwashing and preventing infections. Hooke made significant contributions to microscopy but did not invent the compound microscope.