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A 56 yo man presents with a penetrating wound to his leg from a wooden stake. The wound is contaminated with debris. His last tetanus booster was 12 years ago, but records reliably indicate he's had 3 doses of tetanus vaccine. The most appropriate anti-tetanus regimen for him is:
- A. ADT (Adult Diphtheria Tetanus) plus tetanus Ig (immunoglobulin)
- B. Tetanus Ig only
- C. ADT only
- D. Child diphtheria tetanus, as he is immunologically 'immature'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dirty stake, 12 years off ADT boosts his three-dose base, no Ig for primed; kid shots, nothing's off. Nurses jab this chronic recall.
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The nurse reviews the laboratory results of a patient who is receiving chemotherapy. Which laboratory result is most important to report to the health care provider?
- A. Hematocrit 30%
- B. Platelets 95,000/µL
- C. Hemoglobin 10 g/L
- D. White blood cells (WBC) 2700/µL
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: WBC at 2700/µL post-chemo yells neutropenia infection risk's sky-high, outranking anemia (A, C) or platelets (B bleeding's later, under 20,000). Nurses in oncology report this stat low white cells can spiral to sepsis, a chemo killer needing urgent tweaks.
The nurse is caring for a client with mitral regurgitation. Which of the following would the nurse anticipate the client to develop if left untreated?
- A. Left-sided heart failure
- B. Right-sided heart failure
- C. Renal failure
- D. Myocardial ischemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mitral regurgitation backflows blood into the left atrium, hiking pressure and volume untreated, it overburdens the left ventricle, leading to left-sided heart failure. Pulmonary congestion follows, with dyspnea and edema, a direct consequence of this valve flaw. Right-sided failure stems from downstream effects or separate causes, not primary here. Renal failure or ischemia might complicate advanced disease, but left-sided failure's progression is the immediate risk, rooted in mitral dysfunction's mechanics. Nurses anticipate this, monitoring for early signs like crackles, ensuring timely intervention to halt this predictable cardiac cascade.
Non modifiable risk factors for developing chronic illness include:
- A. Smoking and hypertension
- B. Sedentary lifestyle and diabetes
- C. Family history and socio-political factors
- D. Working/living conditions and stress
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits or circumstances that cannot be changed, unlike modifiable factors tied to behavior or environment. Smoking and hypertension are modifiable through lifestyle changes or medical intervention, not fixed. Sedentary lifestyle is a choice, and diabetes, while influenced by genetics, is often manageable, making them modifiable. Family history, such as genetic predisposition to diseases like cancer or heart disease, is unalterable, and socio-political factors like access to healthcare shaped by policy or socioeconomic status are beyond individual control, fitting the non-modifiable category. Working and living conditions, plus stress, can be adjusted with resources or coping strategies, classifying them as modifiable. The distinction lies in control: family history and socio-political factors remain static, influencing chronic illness risk without personal alteration, as noted in foundational chronic disease literature like Farrell (2017), emphasizing genetics and societal context over mutable habits.
Question: Which statement applies to glucose measurement in a central laboratory? Statement 1: Glucose values are normally determined in venous blood. Statement 2: Glucose values are given in plasma values. Which answer is correct?
- A. Both statements are correct
- B. Both statements are incorrect
- C. Statement 1 is correct; statement 2 is incorrect
- D. Statement 1 is incorrect; statement 2 is correct
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Lab glucose venous blood, plasma read, both true, a chronic standard nurses trust.
A chemotherapy drug that causes alopecia is prescribed for a patient. Which action should the nurse take to support the patient's self-esteem?
- A. Encourage the patient to purchase a wig or hat to wear when hair loss begins.
- B. Suggest that the patient limit social contacts until regrowth of the hair occurs.
- C. Teach the patient to wash hair gently with mild shampoo to minimize hair loss.
- D. Inform the patient that hair usually grows back once chemotherapy is complete.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alopecia from chemo (e.g., cyclophosphamide) guts self-esteem prepping with wigs or hats hands control back, softening the blow. Limiting contact isolates; gentle washing won't stop it follicles are toast. Regrowth is true but delayed. Nurses in oncology push this proactive step it's practical, empowering, and tackles the psychosocial hit head-on.