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A 6-year-old was complaining of elbow pain. The nurse will advise the patient to give which pain medication?
- A. Aleve.
- B. Motrin.
- C. Acetaminophen (Tylenol).
- D. Aspirin (Ecotin).
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Acetaminophen (Tylenol). Acetaminophen is the safest pain medication for children due to its low risk of side effects like gastrointestinal irritation or bleeding, which can be more common with Aleve (A), Motrin (B), and Aspirin (D). Aspirin specifically is contraindicated in children due to the risk of Reye's syndrome. Acetaminophen is also preferred because it has antipyretic properties, making it effective for reducing fever in addition to pain relief. Ultimately, Acetaminophen is the best choice for a 6-year-old experiencing elbow pain due to its safety profile and effectiveness in managing pain and fever.
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The nurse is preparing to administer amoxicillin (Amoxil) to a patient and learns that the patient previously experienced a rash when taking penicillin. Which action will the nurse take?
- A. Administer the amoxicillin and penicillin available.
- B. Contact the provider to discuss using a different antibiotic.
- C. Ask the provider to order an antihistamine.
- D. Request an order for a beta-lactamase resistant drug.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct action is to contact the provider to discuss using a different antibiotic (Choice B) because the patient has a history of rash with penicillin. Since amoxicillin belongs to the same class of antibiotics as penicillin, there is a high risk of the patient experiencing a similar allergic reaction. By contacting the provider, the nurse can ensure the safety of the patient by exploring alternative antibiotics that are not in the same class as penicillin. This proactive approach prioritizes patient safety and minimizes the risk of an allergic reaction. Administering both amoxicillin and penicillin (Choice A) would be contraindicated due to the patient's history of rash. Asking for an antihistamine (Choice C) alone may not address the underlying issue of cross-reactivity between penicillin and amoxicillin. Requesting a beta-lactamase resistant drug (Choice D) is not necessary in this situation and does not address the patient's known allergy.
The nurse is preparing to administer a medication from a multi-dose bottle. The label is torn and soiled, but the name of the medication is still readable. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Administer the medication if the name of the drug can be clearly read.
- B. Discard the entire bottle and contents and obtain a new bottle.
- C. Ask another nurse to verify the contents of the bottle.
- D. Find the drug information and make a new label for the bottle.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Discard the entire bottle and contents and obtain a new bottle. The nurse's priority is patient safety. A torn and soiled label increases the risk of administering the wrong medication, dosage, or route. Discarding the bottle ensures that the correct medication is given, preventing potential harm to the patient. Administering the medication with a damaged label poses a significant risk of medication error. Asking another nurse to verify or making a new label does not eliminate the risk associated with using a compromised bottle. Finding drug information for a new label may introduce inaccuracies. Prioritizing patient safety by obtaining a new bottle is the best course of action in this situation.
A student asks the pharmacology instructor to explain the action of anticholinergic agents. What would be the instructor's best response?
- A. They compete with serotonin for muscarinic acetylcholine receptor sites.
- B. They increase norepinephrine at the neuromuscular junction.
- C. They block nicotinic receptors.
- D. They act to block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: They act to block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. Anticholinergic agents inhibit the action of acetylcholine, the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. By blocking muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, these agents reduce parasympathetic stimulation, leading to effects such as decreased salivation, decreased GI motility, and pupil dilation.
Choice A is incorrect because anticholinergic agents do not compete with serotonin for receptor sites; they primarily target acetylcholine receptors. Choice B is incorrect as anticholinergic agents do not directly affect norepinephrine levels at the neuromuscular junction. Choice C is incorrect because anticholinergic agents primarily target muscarinic receptors, not nicotinic receptors.
The patient newly diagnosed with epilepsy asks the nurse to explain the meaning of the diagnosis. What is the nurse's best response?
- A. Epilepsy is the clonic-tonic muscle contraction with the potential to cause injury.
- B. Epilepsy is a convulsive disorder caused by electrical discharge in the muscle.
- C. Epilepsy is a single disease.
- D. Epilepsy is characterized by sudden discharge of electrical energy.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because epilepsy is defined by sudden discharges of electrical energy in the brain leading to seizures. This explanation is accurate and specific to the condition. Choice A is incorrect because epilepsy encompasses various types of seizures, not just clonic-tonic muscle contractions. Choice B is incorrect as it simplifies epilepsy to being solely convulsive, disregarding non-convulsive seizures. Choice C is incorrect because epilepsy is a spectrum of disorders.
A nurse is assessing the patient's home medication use. After listening to the patient's list of current medications, the nurse asks what priority query?
- A. Do you take any generic medications?
- B. Do you take over-the-counter medication?
- C. Are these medications safe to take during pregnancy?
- D. Are any of these medications orphan drugs?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: "Do you take over-the-counter medication?" This is the priority query because over-the-counter medications may interact with prescription drugs, leading to adverse effects. It is crucial for the nurse to assess all medications the patient is taking, including over-the-counter ones, to ensure safety and effectiveness of the overall treatment plan.
Choice A is incorrect because whether the medications are generic or brand name does not directly impact safety or interactions. Choice C is incorrect as it assumes pregnancy, which may not be relevant to the patient. Choice D is incorrect as orphan drugs are not commonly used and not a priority in this context.