Nokea
A childbirth leave of __________ predicts favorable maternal physical and mental health, supportive marital interaction, and sensitive caregiving.
- A. 6 weeks
- B. 8 weeks
- C. 10 weeks
- D. 12 weeks or more
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Research indicates that a childbirth leave of 12 weeks or more leads to favorable outcomes for maternal physical and mental health, supportive marital interaction, and sensitive caregiving. This extended period of leave allows mothers to recover physically, adjust psychologically, and establish strong bonds with their newborn, which ultimately benefits the whole family. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not provide the optimal duration needed for mothers to experience the full range of benefits associated with an extended childbirth leave.
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Many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory ________.
- A. overemphasize the plasticity of cognitive development
- B. overestimate people's contributions to their own development
- C. offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences
- D. overemphasize each individual's unique life history
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences. This is because they focus mainly on observable behaviors and external factors, neglecting the role of internal cognitive processes and individual differences in shaping development. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because behaviorism and social learning theory do not specifically emphasize the plasticity of cognitive development, overestimate people's contributions to their own development, or overemphasize each individual's unique life history. Instead, they are criticized for providing a limited perspective by focusing predominantly on external stimuli and behaviors.
A major strength of the information-processing approach to development is its commitment to __________.
- A. the study of imagination
- B. flexible case study interviews
- C. rigorous research methods
- D. disproving other developmental theories
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The major strength of the information-processing approach to development is its commitment to rigorous research methods. This approach emphasizes systematic observation, measurement, and experimentation to study cognitive development in individuals. By using rigorous research methods, researchers can gather reliable and valid data to better understand how information is processed in the human mind. This commitment to methodological rigor enhances the credibility and validity of the conclusions drawn within the information-processing approach to development. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the information-processing approach focuses on empirical research methods rather than the study of imagination, case study interviews, or disproving other developmental theories.
Swaddling newborns __________.
- A. increases crying
- B. hinders early motor development
- C. promotes an insecure attachment relationship
- D. restricts movement and increases warmth
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Swaddling newborns restricts their movement by wrapping them snugly in a blanket, which helps to mimic the feeling of security they had in the womb. It also helps to maintain their warmth and can promote better sleep patterns. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because swaddling does not increase crying, hinder early motor development, or promote an insecure attachment relationship. Instead, it provides comfort, warmth, and a sense of security for newborns.
What is the most common approach to controlling pain during labor?
- A. an anesthetic
- B. a spinal block
- C. fetal monitoring
- D. epidural analgesia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Epidural analgesia is the most common approach to controlling pain during labor. It involves the administration of pain medication through a catheter placed in the epidural space of the spine, providing pain relief while allowing the mother to remain alert and participate in the birthing process. It is preferred by many women due to its effectiveness in reducing labor pain. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly address pain management during labor. While an anesthetic and a spinal block are forms of pain relief, epidural analgesia is specifically the most common method used for pain control during labor.
Despite growing up in a rundown neighborhood, having divorced parents, and rarely seeing her father, Betty is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty's ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as __________.
- A. assimilation
- B. resilience
- C. age-graded development
- D. multidimensional development
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Betty's ability to adapt effectively despite facing challenges during her childhood such as growing up in a rundown neighborhood, having divorced parents, and rarely seeing her father demonstrates resilience. Resilience refers to the capacity to achieve positive outcomes despite adverse circumstances. Betty's successful, happy, and healthy adulthood showcases her resilience in navigating and overcoming the threats to her development.
Choice A, assimilation, does not fit the context of adapting effectively to adverse circumstances. Assimilation is a cognitive process related to incorporating new information into existing schemas. Choice C, age-graded development, refers to typical developmental changes that occur in a culture at a particular age. Choice D, multidimensional development, encompasses the idea that development is influenced by multiple factors across various dimensions, which is not directly related to Betty's ability to adapt effectively despite facing challenges.