Nokea
A client asks nurse Carlos the rationale for giving multi-drug treatment for tuberculosis. Which is an appropriate response?
- A. multiple drugs allow reduced levels of drugs to be given
- B. multiple drugs reduce undesirable drug side-effect
- C. multiple drugs potentiate the action fo the drugs
- D. multiple drugs reduce development of resistant strains of the bacteria
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Giving multiple drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis is essential because it helps reduce the development of resistant strains of the bacteria. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which has the potential to develop resistance to single drug therapy through genetic mutations. The use of multiple drugs in combination therapy prevents the bacteria from developing resistance since they work through different mechanisms of action, making it harder for the bacteria to adapt and survive. This approach is known as Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS), and it is an effective strategy recommended by the World Health Organization to combat the rising issue of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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A client is in isolation after receiving an internal radioactive implant to treat cancer. Two hours later, the nurse discovers the implant in the bed linens. What should the nurse do first?
- A. Stand as far away from the implant as possible and call for help.
- B. Pick up the implant with long-handled forceps and place it in a lead-lined container.
- C. Leave the room and notify the radiation therapy department immediately.
- D. Put the implant back in place, using forceps and a shield for self-protection, and call for help.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The nurse should first pick up the internal radioactive implant with long-handled forceps and place it in a lead-lined container. This action ensures the safety of the nurse and prevents further exposure to radiation. Handling the implant with forceps helps minimize direct contact, and placing it in a lead-lined container containing the radiation will effectively shield any further exposure. Once the implant is secured, proper authorities should be notified to take further action and ensure the client's safety.
The nurse is caring for a newborn whose mother is diabetic. Which clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to see?
- A. Hypoglycemic, large for gestational age
- B. Hyperglycemic, large for gestational age
- C. Hypoglycemic, small for gestational age
- D. Hyperglycemic, small for gestational age
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Infants born to mothers with diabetes, especially uncontrolled diabetes, are at risk for hypoglycemia due to exposure to high glucose levels in utero. The infant's pancreas may have been producing high levels of insulin in response to the mother's high blood glucose levels, leading to hypoglycemia after birth. Additionally, these infants are typically smaller for gestational age (SGA) due to the effects of high blood sugar levels on fetal growth. Therefore, the nurse should expect the newborn of a mother with diabetes to exhibit signs of hypoglycemia and be small for gestational age.
Nurse Katriz is planning a client education program for sickle cell disease (SCD); what topics should be included in the plan of care?
- A. Aerobic exercise to improve oxygenation
- B. Fluid restraint to 1 qt (1 L)/day
- C. A high-iron, high-protein diet
- D. Proper hand washing and infectionavoidance
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: People with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at a higher risk of infections due to their impaired immune system. Infections can trigger a sickle cell crisis, which can be life-threatening. Therefore, proper hand washing and infection avoidance are crucial components of the care plan for clients with SCD. This topic should be included in Nurse Katriz's client education program to help reduce the risk of infections and promote better health outcomes for individuals with SCD.
Which of the following hormones retains sodium in the body?
- A. Antidiuretic hormone
- B. Aldosterone
- C. Thyroid hormone
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in regulating the balance of sodium and potassium in the body. One of its primary functions is to retain sodium in the body, leading to increased reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys. This retention of sodium helps to maintain blood pressure and fluid balance. In contrast, other hormones like antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily regulate water reabsorption, while thyroid hormone and insulin do not have a direct role in retaining sodium in the body.
Which is descriptive of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
- A. Manifestations exhibited are so bizarre that the diagnosis is fairly easy.
- B. Manifestations affect every aspect of the child's life but are most obvious in the classroom.
- C. Learning disabilities associated with ADHD eventually disappear when adulthood is reached.
- D. Diagnosis of ADHD requires that all manifestations of the disorder be present.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Option B is descriptive of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Manifestations of ADHD can significantly impact the child's life, but are most noticeable in the classroom setting. Children with ADHD may struggle with paying attention, staying organized, controlling impulsive behavior, and following instructions in the school environment. While symptoms can also affect other areas of life, such as social interactions and familial relationships, they are typically most prominently displayed in the structured school setting, making it easier to recognize and diagnose the disorder.