LPN Nursing Fundamentals

LPN Nursing Fundamentals Related

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A client with a new diagnosis of COPD is being taught about dietary management. Which of the following statements should be included in the teaching?

  • A. You should increase your intake of high-calorie foods.
  • B. You should decrease your intake of high-protein foods.
  • C. You should avoid foods that contain lactose.
  • D. You should increase your intake of high-fiber foods.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct statement to include in the teaching for a client with a new diagnosis of COPD is that they should increase their intake of high-calorie foods. This is important to help maintain energy levels and manage weight. COPD can lead to increased energy expenditure due to the increased work of breathing, making it crucial to consume adequate calories for energy. High-calorie foods can help prevent weight loss and support overall nutritional status in COPD patients. Choice B is incorrect because high-protein foods are important for maintaining muscle mass in COPD patients. Choice C is incorrect as there is no need to avoid foods that contain lactose unless the client is lactose intolerant. Choice D is incorrect as increasing high-fiber foods may exacerbate symptoms like bloating and gas in COPD patients.

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A client is hospitalized with hepatitis A. Which of the client's regular medications is contraindicated due to the current illness?

  • A. Prilosec (omeprazole)
  • B. Synthroid (levothyroxine)
  • C. Premarin (conjugated estrogens)
  • D. Lipitor (atorvastatin)
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Lipitor (atorvastatin) is contraindicated in active hepatitis A due to liver metabolism, risking hepatotoxicity Prilosec, Synthroid, and Premarin aren't similarly affected. Nurses hold statins, monitoring liver function, ensuring safety during acute liver inflammation.

It is best described as a systematic, rational method of planning and providing nursing care for individuals, families, group and community

  • A. Assessment
  • B. Nursing Process
  • C. Diagnosis
  • D. Implementation
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The nursing process (B) is a comprehensive, systematic framework used by nurses to deliver patient-centered care. It encompasses five steps: assessment (data collection), diagnosis (identifying health problems), planning (setting goals and interventions), implementation (carrying out the plan), and evaluation (assessing outcomes). This definition matches the description in the question as a rational, organized method applicable to individuals, families, groups, and communities. Assessment (A) is only the first step, not the entire method. Diagnosis (C) is a single phase focused on problem identification, while implementation (D) is the action phase, neither encompassing the full scope described. The nursing process integrates critical thinking and evidence-based practice to ensure holistic care, making B the accurate answer reflecting its broad, systematic nature.

A client is admitted with posttraumatic brain injury and multiple fractures. The client's eyes remain closed, and there is no evidence of verbalization or movement when the nurse changes the client's position. What score on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) should the nurse document?

  • A. 3
  • B. 6
  • C. 9
  • D. 12
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: GCS assesses eye opening (1-4), verbal (1-5), and motor (1-6). No response (eyes closed, no verbalization, no movement) scores 1+1+1=3 (A). Higher scores (B, C, D) require responses. A is correct. Rationale: A score of 3 is the lowest GCS, indicating deep coma, critical for documenting severe brain injury and guiding urgent care, per trauma assessment standards.

Which of these statements, when made by the nurse, is most effective when communicating with a 4-year-old?

  • A. Tell me where you hurt.'
  • B. Other children like having their blood pressure taken.'
  • C. This will be like having a little stick in your arm.'
  • D. Anything you tell me is confidential.'
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: For a 4-year-old, 'Tell me where you hurt' is most effective simple, direct, and age-appropriate, encouraging the child to express pain in their own words, aligning with their concrete thinking stage per Piaget. Option B uses peer pressure, ineffective for this age; C's metaphor may confuse rather than clarify; and D's confidentiality concept is too abstract.

Critical thinking is an active organized cognitive process used to carefully examine one's thinking. It allows the nurse to

  • A. Direct the assessment in a meaningful and purposeful way
  • B. Review assessment with other health care providers
  • C. Determination of the nursing care delivered
  • D. Indentifies anticipated client responses to illness
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Critical thinking directs assessment purposefully e.g., probing fatigue to link it to anemia ensuring data collection is focused and relevant. This active process analyzes, synthesizes, and prioritizes, enhancing care planning. Reviewing with providers follows assessment, not its direction. Determining care is planning/implementation, not assessment's role. Identifying responses fits evaluation, not initial data-gathering. Critical thinking's role in steering assessment ensures efficiency and depth, making it the key way nurses apply this cognitive skill in practice.

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