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A client with a new diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus is being taught by a nurse. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching?
- A. You can still eat sugar, but you must count it in your carbohydrate count for the day.
- B. You need to avoid all forms of sugar to keep your blood glucose levels under control.
- C. You can eat unlimited amounts of proteins and fats since they do not affect blood glucose levels.
- D. You will need to take an oral hypoglycemic agent every day to manage your blood glucose levels.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct statement to include in teaching a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus is that they can still eat sugar, but they must count it in their carbohydrate intake for the day. This is important because clients with type 1 diabetes need to manage their blood glucose levels by calculating their carbohydrate intake, including sugars. Choice B is incorrect because total avoidance of sugar is not necessary, but monitoring and including it in the carbohydrate count is essential. Choice C is incorrect as proteins and fats can also affect blood glucose levels and should be consumed in moderation. Choice D is incorrect since oral hypoglycemic agents are not used in type 1 diabetes mellitus, as insulin replacement therapy is the mainstay of treatment.
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A client with chronic kidney disease is being educated by a nurse about dietary management. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?
- A. I should limit my intake of protein to prevent overworking my kidneys.
- B. I should increase my intake of potassium-rich foods.
- C. I should increase my intake of phosphorus-rich foods.
- D. I should increase my intake of calcium-rich foods.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. In chronic kidney disease, limiting protein intake is crucial to prevent overworking the kidneys. Excessive protein consumption can lead to the accumulation of metabolic waste products that the kidneys struggle to process, worsening kidney function. Therefore, by recognizing the need to restrict protein intake, the client demonstrates an understanding of the dietary management required for their condition. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Increasing intake of potassium-rich foods (Choice B) is not recommended in chronic kidney disease as it can lead to hyperkalemia. Similarly, increasing intake of phosphorus-rich foods (Choice C) is not advised because impaired kidneys struggle to excrete phosphorus, leading to elevated levels in the blood. Lastly, increasing intake of calcium-rich foods (Choice D) may not be necessary unless there is a specific deficiency or requirement, as calcium balance is often disrupted in chronic kidney disease.
Culture media is sterilized by which of the following method?
- A. Autoclaving
- B. Boiling
- C. Hot air oven
- D. Ionizing radiation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sterilization of culture media is critical in microbiology to eliminate contaminants. Autoclaving (choice A) uses moist heat under pressure (typically 121°C at 15 psi for 15-20 minutes) to kill bacteria, spores, and viruses, making it the gold standard for sterilizing liquid media like agar or broth. Boiling (choice B) at 100°C can kill vegetative bacteria but not heat-resistant spores, rendering it inadequate for complete sterilization. Hot air oven (choice C) employs dry heat (160-170°C for 2 hours) and is suitable for glassware, not liquid media, as it may evaporate or degrade nutrients. Ionizing radiation (choice D) is effective for heat-sensitive materials (e.g., plastics), but it's less common for routine media preparation due to cost and equipment needs. Autoclaving is the correct answer (A) because it ensures thorough sterilization of culture media, a process nurses and lab personnel rely on to maintain aseptic conditions for accurate diagnostic cultures.
A client with gout is being taught about dietary management. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?
- A. I should increase my intake of purine-rich foods.
- B. I should decrease my intake of purine-rich foods.
- C. I should increase my intake of sodium-rich foods.
- D. I should decrease my intake of potassium-rich foods.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Decreasing the intake of purine-rich foods is essential in managing gout as purines break down into uric acid, contributing to gout symptoms. Increasing purine-rich foods would exacerbate the condition by increasing uric acid levels. Therefore, choice A is incorrect. Choices C and D are also incorrect as increasing sodium-rich foods (choice C) is not recommended for gout management, and decreasing potassium-rich foods (choice D) is unrelated to gout.
A client with hyperlipidemia is being taught about dietary management. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?
- A. I should increase my intake of foods high in saturated fats.
- B. I should decrease my intake of foods high in cholesterol.
- C. I should increase my intake of foods high in trans fats.
- D. I should decrease my intake of foods high in fiber.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. In hyperlipidemia management, decreasing the intake of foods high in cholesterol is crucial to improve lipid levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Choices A and C are incorrect as increasing intake of saturated fats or trans fats can raise cholesterol levels, worsening the condition. Choice D is incorrect because decreasing intake of foods high in fiber is not recommended as fiber-rich foods are beneficial for heart health, which is important in managing hyperlipidemia.
Which intervention should the nurse implement to prevent contractures in a patient who is immobile?
- A. Encouraging frequent changes in position
- B. Applying heat packs to stiff joints
- C. Administering muscle relaxants
- D. Using soft restraints to immobilize the extremities
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Frequent position changes prevent contractures in immobile patients by keeping joints mobile and reducing muscle shortening risks. Heat or relaxants offer relief but don't address root immobility, and restraints worsen stiffness. Nurses use this to maintain range of motion, ensuring flexibility and function, a proactive measure against permanent musculoskeletal damage in prolonged stillness.