Nokea
A clinical indicator of inflammation is:
- A. Decreased concentration of C3b
- B. Increased concentration of C-reactive protein
- C. Decreased concentration of MBL
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increased concentration of C-reactive protein. This is because C-reactive protein is a well-established clinical indicator of inflammation, produced by the liver in response to inflammation. Choice A is incorrect because a decreased concentration of C3b is not a typical indicator of inflammation. Choice C is incorrect because mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an acute-phase reactant that increases in response to inflammation, so a decreased concentration of MBL would not be indicative of inflammation. Choice D is incorrect as it includes all options, but only B is a valid clinical indicator of inflammation.
You may also like to solve these questions
Benefits from the human microbiome include all the following except:
- A. Out-competition of pathogenic species
- B. Production of important metabolites called short chain fatty acids
- C. Secretion of enzymes such as lysozyme that degrade the cell wall of pathogenic species
- D. Provision of signals leading to the development of the gut-associated immune system
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the human microbiome does not secrete enzymes like lysozyme; instead, lysozyme is produced by the human body. A is correct as the microbiome can out-compete harmful bacteria. B is correct as the microbiome produces short chain fatty acids. D is correct as the microbiome helps in the development of the gut-associated immune system. Therefore, C is the only option that does not accurately describe a benefit from the human microbiome.
Patients with septic shock are treated, among other drugs, with activated protein C. The purpose of this treatment is to
- A. Dampen the cytokine storm
- B. Raise the blood pressure
- C. Resolve DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
- D. Boost the immune response
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Resolve DIC. Activated protein C is used in septic shock to address the coagulopathy associated with DIC, a common complication. Activated protein C inhibits clotting factors and promotes fibrinolysis, helping to restore normal coagulation function. This treatment does not directly dampen the cytokine storm (choice A), raise blood pressure (choice B), or boost the immune response (choice D) in septic shock patients. It specifically targets the coagulation abnormalities seen in DIC, making choice C the most appropriate answer.
Neurons are
- A. Cells specialized for carrying signals
- B. The functional units of the nervous system
- C. consists of A cell body, Dendrites and Axons
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because neurons are specialized cells that carry signals, making them the functional units of the nervous system. Neurons consist of a cell body, dendrites, and axons, fulfilling the criteria mentioned in options A, B, and C. Therefore, option D encompasses all the essential characteristics of neurons, making it the correct choice. Options A, B, and C individually do not fully capture the comprehensive nature of neurons, as they only cover specific aspects of what neurons are, whereas option D encompasses all the correct statements regarding neurons.
When a B-cell undergoes immunoglobulin class switching
- A. the variable region of the light chain changes, but its constant region remains the same
- B. the variable region of the light chain remains the same, but its constant region changes
- C. the variable region of the heavy chain remains the same but its constant region changes
- D. the variable region of the heavy chain changes but its constant region remains the same
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: When a B-cell undergoes immunoglobulin class switching, the variable region of the heavy chain remains the same but its constant region changes. This process allows the B-cell to produce antibodies with different effector functions while maintaining the same antigen specificity. By changing the constant region of the heavy chain, the B-cell can switch from producing IgM to IgG, IgA, or IgE antibodies. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the specific changes that occur during immunoglobulin class switching in B-cells.
Select the correct statement during an allergic reaction.
- A. An allergen binds with IgE antibodies.
- B. The mast cells are deactivated.
- C. The body is immunodeficient.
- D. Helper T cells release histamine.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. During an allergic reaction, allergens trigger the release of IgE antibodies.
2. The allergen binds with IgE antibodies, leading to the activation of mast cells.
3. Activated mast cells release histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
4. This cascade of events causes allergic symptoms.
Therefore, option A is correct as it accurately describes the initial binding of allergen with IgE antibodies. Option B is incorrect as mast cells are activated, not deactivated. Option C is incorrect as the body is hypersensitive, not immunodeficient. Option D is incorrect as it is mast cells, not Helper T cells, that release histamine.