Nokea
A cytokine polarizing activated T cells towards a TH2 subset is
- A. IL-12
- B. IL-2
- C. IL-10
- D. IL-5
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: IL-10. IL-10 is known to polarize activated T cells towards a TH2 subset by suppressing TH1 cytokine production. IL-12 (A) promotes TH1 differentiation, IL-2 (B) supports T cell proliferation, and IL-5 (D) is involved in eosinophil activation and differentiation, not in polarizing T cells towards a TH2 subset.
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Which pathway of the complement system involves properdin, Factor B, and Factor D?
- A. Classical pathway
- B. Alternative pathway
- C. Lectin pathway
- D. Terminal pathway
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Alternative pathway. This pathway involves properdin, Factor B, and Factor D. Properdin stabilizes the C3 convertase complex formed by Factor B and Factor D, leading to the amplification of the complement cascade. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Classical pathway is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes binding to C1q.
C: Lectin pathway is activated by lectins binding to carbohydrates on pathogen surfaces.
D: Terminal pathway involves the formation of the membrane attack complex.
Which immunoglobulin is responsible for the primary immune response and forms antibodies to ABO blood antigens?
- A. IgA
- B. IgD
- C. IgG
- D. IgM
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: IgM is the first antibody produced in the primary immune response and plays a key role in responding to blood group antigens.
Which of the following is considered a defining characteristic of a TH2 response?
- A. Production of IgM antibodies
- B. Activation of CTL
- C. Recruitment and activation of neutrophils
- D. Production of IgE antibodies
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Production of IgE antibodies. A TH2 response is characterized by the production of IgE antibodies, which are essential in allergic reactions. IgM antibodies (A) are produced during the primary immune response. Activation of CTL (B) is associated with a TH1 response. Neutrophils (C) are primarily involved in the innate immune response and are not specific to TH2 responses. In summary, the production of IgE antibodies is a defining characteristic of a TH2 response, distinguishing it from other immune responses.
What is NOT true about innate immunity?
- A. Innate cells are immediately active, do not need clonal amplification or differentiation
- B. Innate cells can respond better and faster at a second encounter with the same pathogen
- C. Innate receptors recognizing pathogens do not have a fine specificity but rather recognize structures broadly found in different microbes
- D. Innate receptors can also recognize modified-self
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because innate immune cells do not respond better and faster at a second encounter with the same pathogen. This is a characteristic of adaptive immunity, not innate immunity. During a second encounter, adaptive immune cells produce a faster and stronger response due to memory cells formed during the initial exposure. In contrast, innate immune cells do not have memory cells and their response remains the same upon repeated encounters. Choice A is correct as innate cells are immediately active and do not require clonal amplification or differentiation. Choice C is correct as innate receptors recognize broad structures on pathogens. Choice D is correct as innate receptors can recognize modified-self, such as in autoimmune diseases.
A client is being taught about the transmission of HIV and is taught that body fluids such as blood,semen and vaginal secretions can transmit the virus. What is the other body fluid that the HIV virus can be transmitted through?
- A. Saliva
- B. Tears
- C. Sweat
- D. Breast milk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: HIV can be transmitted through breast milk,making it a risk factor for mother-to-child transmission.