Nokea
A female patient, age 48, is undergoing a routine physical examination for the first time in 5 years. Which procedure would be included in this examination?
- A. Culdoscopy
- B. Colposcopy
- C. Cervical biopsy
- D. Papanicolaou smear
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The American Cancer Society highly recommends that every woman begin annual Pap tests beginning at age 25. Women should be tested every year or every 3 years. Women age 30 years or older may choose to have Pap screening every 3 years or if combined with HPV screening, every 5 years. Women age 65 years or older who have had screening over the past 10 years with normal findings may decide to stop having cervical screenings altogether.
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Why do false-negative results in mammography occur in specific age-groups?
- A. Older women have greater density of breast tissue.
- B. Older women have less density of breast tissue.
- C. Younger women have greater density of breast tissue.
- D. Younger women have less density of breast tissue.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Because of the greater density of breast tissue, mammography is less sensitive in younger women, which may result in more false-negative results.
Which factor is an advantage of a vaginal hysterectomy over the abdominal hysterectomy?
- A. Less postoperative discomfort
- B. Reduced hospital stay
- C. Less expensive
- D. Better visualization of the intrapelvic area
- E. Faster recovery
Correct Answer: A,B,C,E
Rationale: The vaginal approach allows for less postoperative discomfort, a reduced hospital stay, is less expensive, and offers a faster recovery.
When should postmenopausal women be instructed to perform breast self-examination (BSE)?
- A. On the same date of their choice each month
- B. Every 3 months
- C. Every day, because they are at high risk for breast cancer
- D. Whenever they begin to take estrogen supplements
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: More than 90% of breast cancers are detected by the patient. BSE for postmenopausal women should be done on the same day of the month each month.
Vaginal fistulas are caused by an ulcerating process resulting from which cause?
- A. cancer.
- B. radiation.
- C. poor hygiene.
- D. multiple sexual partners.
- E. weakening of tissue from pregnancies.
- F. surgical interventions.
Correct Answer: A,B,E,F
Rationale: Vaginal fistulas are caused by an ulcerating process resulting from cancer, radiation, weakening of tissue by pregnancies, and surgical interventions.
Which situation does the diagnosis of secondary infertility refer to?
- A. Has never conceived.
- B. Is infertile because of repeated infection.
- C. Has conceived but is now unable to do so.
- D. Is over the age of 38.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Secondary infertility refers to a woman who has conceived in the past and now is unable to do so.