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A group of nursing students is reviewing information about age-related changes occurring in cognition and intellectual performance. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which of the following as a normal cognitive change?
- A. Disorientation to time
- B. Slowed information processing
- C. Diminished executive functioning
- D. Restricted judgment
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Slowed information processing (option B) is a normal age-related cognitive change, as processing speed declines with aging but does not impair overall function significantly. Disorientation to time (A), diminished executive functioning (C), and restricted judgment (D) are more indicative of pathological conditions like dementia, not normal aging.
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The nurse is assessing a client who has a history of heavy drinking and who lost his wife to cancer during the previous year. He reports that he isn?t getting as much sleep as he used to when he was younger. Which question would be most appropriate to ask the client to determine if the change in his sleep pattern is related to normal aging or depression?
- A. How much did you sleep when you were younger?
- B. Is it hard for you to fall asleep or remain asleep during the night?
- C. Why do you think you continue to ingest so much alcohol?
- D. What used to help you go to sleep?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Difficulty falling or staying asleep (option B) is a key symptom of depression, especially in the context of recent loss and heavy drinking, which can exacerbate depressive symptoms. Normal aging may reduce sleep duration slightly, but insomnia is more indicative of depression. Options A, C, and D provide background but do not directly differentiate between aging and depression.
A nurse is using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory to assess an older adult client who is exhibiting behavior problems related to dementia. When using this tool, which of the following would the nurse assess? Select all that apply.
- A. Dysphoria
- B. Inhibition
- C. Apathy
- D. Level of orientation
- E. Memory
- F. Anxiety
Correct Answer: A,C,F
Rationale: The Neuropsychiatric Inventory assesses behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia, including dysphoria (A), apathy (C), and anxiety (F). Inhibition (B) is not a standard domain, though disinhibition is. Level of orientation (D) and memory (E) are cognitive functions assessed by other tools, not the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, which focuses on behavioral symptoms.
The nurse is planning to assess a client?s anxiety level using the Rating Anxiety in Dementia Scale because the client also has dementia. When using this scale which of the following areas would the nurse assess? Select all that apply.
- A. Apprehension
- B. Motor tension
- C. Life satisfaction
- D. Boredom
- E. Autonomic hyperactivity
- F. Worry
Correct Answer: A,B,E,F
Rationale: The Rating Anxiety in Dementia Scale assesses anxiety symptoms in dementia patients, including apprehension (A), motor tension (B), autonomic hyperactivity (E), and worry (F). Life satisfaction (C) and boredom (D) are not specific components of this scale, which focuses on anxiety-related behaviors and physiological signs.
A nurse is assessing an older adult client. Which of the following would the nurse interpret as most indicative of mental health and wellness?
- A. Keeping social contacts to a minimum
- B. Interacting with others in the environment
- C. Relying solely on family for assistance
- D. Experiencing bereavement
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Interacting with others in the environment (option B) is most indicative of mental health and wellness, as it reflects social engagement, a key component of psychological well-being. Keeping social contacts to a minimum (A) or relying solely on family (C) suggests isolation or dependence, which are less healthy. Bereavement (D) is a normal response but not an indicator of wellness.
While caring for an 88-year-old client suspected of having dementia, the nurse assesses the client for a common delusional thought. Which of the following would the nurse interpret as a common delusion?
- A. I am the king of the universe.
- B. Creatures are living in my closet.
- C. The government has people following me.
- D. My roommate keeps stealing my clothes.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In dementia, a common delusion is the belief that personal belongings are being stolen, often by familiar people like roommates or caregivers, as in option D. Grandiose delusions (option A) or paranoid delusions about the government (option C) are less common in dementia and more associated with other disorders like schizophrenia. Option B is less typical and more fantastical.