Nokea
A laboratory finding of granulocytosis
- A. Complete absence of peripheral blood granulocytes and their precursors in the bone marrow
- B. Acute bacterial infections
- C. Myeloproliferative disorders
- D. Increased numbers of granulocytes in blood and bone marrow
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because granulocytosis refers to an increased number of granulocytes in both blood and bone marrow. This finding is commonly associated with conditions such as infections, inflammation, and certain hematologic disorders. Other choices are incorrect because A describes a condition of granulocytopenia, B is associated with acute bacterial infections but not specific to granulocytosis, and C refers to myeloproliferative disorders which may involve other cell types besides granulocytes.
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Artemisinin and its derivatives are used in the treatment of severe forms of chloroquine-resistant falciparum because they have:
- A. Rapid gametocidal activity
- B. The ability to prevent further development of hypnozoites
- C. Rapid sporontocidal activity
- D. Rapid schizonticidal activity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Rapid schizonticidal activity. Artemisinin and its derivatives target the asexual stage of the malaria parasite's life cycle, specifically the schizont stage. By quickly destroying the schizonts, they effectively kill the parasites in the blood, leading to a rapid reduction in parasite load and alleviating symptoms. The other choices are incorrect because A (Rapid gametocidal activity) targets sexual stage parasites, B (Ability to prevent further development of hypnozoites) refers to relapse prevention in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections, and C (Rapid sporontocidal activity) targets the mosquito stage of the parasite's life cycle.
A 35-year-old male is admitted to the hospital complaining of severe headaches, vomiting, and testicular pain. His blood work shows reduced numbers of platelets, leukocytes, and erythrocytes, with a high proportion of immature cells. The nurse caring for this patient suspects a diagnosis of what?
- A. AML
- B. CML
- C. MDS
- D. ALL
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia). In this case, the patient's symptoms of severe headaches, vomiting, testicular pain, reduced blood cell counts, and high proportion of immature cells indicate a rapidly progressing hematologic malignancy affecting lymphoid cells. AML (Choice A) primarily affects myeloid cells, not lymphoid cells. CML (Choice B) is a chronic myeloid disorder and presents differently with elevated leukocyte count and mature cells. MDS (Choice C) is a group of disorders characterized by abnormal blood cell production, but the presentation in this patient is more indicative of an acute leukemia.
A 35-year-old male is admitted to the hospital complaining of severe headaches, vomiting, and testicular pain. His blood work shows reduced numbers of platelets, leukocytes, and erythrocytes, with a high proportion of immature cells. The nurse caring for this patient suspects a diagnosis of what?
- A. AML
- B. CML
- C. MDS
- D. ALL
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia). In this scenario, the patient presents with symptoms of headaches, vomiting, testicular pain, and abnormal blood work showing reduced platelets, leukocytes, and erythrocytes with a high proportion of immature cells. These findings are characteristic of ALL, a type of leukemia that primarily affects lymphoid cells. The combination of symptoms and blood work results suggests a rapid and aggressive proliferation of immature lymphoid cells, leading to bone marrow failure and symptoms such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. AML (choice A) primarily affects myeloid cells, not lymphoid cells. CML (choice B) typically presents with elevated leukocyte count and presence of the Philadelphia chromosome. MDS (choice C) is a group of disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis leading to cytopenias, but does not typically present with the rapid onset of symptoms seen in this case
The nurse is reviewing the results of a patient's arterial blood gas analysis. What should the nurse recognize as being a normal blood pH?
- A. 7.29
- B. 7.31
- C. 7.38
- D. 7.48
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The normal blood pH range is 7.35-7.45. Choice C (7.38) falls within this range, indicating a normal pH level. Choices A (7.29) and D (7.48) are outside the normal range, indicating acidosis and alkalosis, respectively. Choice B (7.31) is slightly below the normal range, indicating mild acidosis. Therefore, the correct answer is C as it represents a normal blood pH level within the appropriate range.
Which of the following is false regarding Burkitt's lymphoma?
- A. Associated with translocation of c-myc gene on chromosome 18
- B. Usually presents with abdominal involvement in HIV patients
- C. Common in Africa children due to Epstein Barr infection after malaria exposure.
- D. Histologically characterized by a 'starry sky' appearance
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because Burkitt's lymphoma is associated with translocation of c-myc gene on chromosome 8, not chromosome 18. This translocation leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Choice B is incorrect because Burkitt's lymphoma commonly presents with jaw or facial bone involvement in HIV patients. Choice C is incorrect as the association between Epstein Barr infection and malaria exposure in African children increases the risk of Burkitt's lymphoma. Choice D is incorrect because Burkitt's lymphoma is histologically characterized by a 'starry sky' appearance due to macrophages engulfing apoptotic tumor cells, not due to the presence of the c-myc translocation.