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A nurse, assigned to care for a hospitalized child who is 8 years old, assists with planning care, taking into account Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. According to Erikson's theory, which task represents the primary developmental task of this child?
- A. Developing a sense of control over self and body functions
- B. Mastering useful skills and tools
- C. Gaining independence from parents
- D. Developing a sense of trust in the world
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the primary task for an 8-year-old child aligns with the stage of industry versus inferiority. This stage focuses on mastering useful skills and tools of the culture, emphasizing competence in various areas. Option A, 'Developing a sense of control over self and body functions,' is more characteristic of the toddler stage, emphasizing autonomy and self-regulation. Option C, 'Gaining independence from parents,' is more relevant to the adolescent stage, where identity development and autonomy become crucial. Option D, 'Developing a sense of trust in the world,' pertains to the infant stage, highlighting the importance of forming secure attachments. Therefore, the correct answer is B as it directly corresponds to the developmental tasks associated with an 8-year-old child according to Erikson's theory.
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A nurse is planning care for a hospitalized toddler. To best maintain the toddler's sense of control and security and ease feelings of helplessness and fear, the nurse should perform which action?
- A. Allow the toddler to play with other children in the nursing unit playroom.
- B. Spend as much time as possible with the toddler.
- C. Allow the toddler to select toys from the nursing unit playroom that can be brought into the toddler's hospital room.
- D. Keep hospital routines as similar as possible to those at home.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The best action for the nurse to take to help a hospitalized toddler maintain a sense of control and security and ease feelings of helplessness and fear is to keep hospital routines as similar as possible to those at home. By incorporating the toddler's usual rituals and routines from home into nursing care activities, the nurse can reduce the stress of hospitalization. This approach gives the toddler a sense of familiarity, control, and security, which can alleviate feelings of helplessness and fear. Allowing the toddler to play with other children in the nursing unit playroom and selecting toys are beneficial activities, but maintaining hospital routines similar to those at home is the most effective way to support the toddler's emotional well-being during hospitalization.
A nurse is interviewing an older adult while assisting with data collection. Which client comment regarding vision requires immediate discussion with the health care provider?
- A. "If I go from a very bright room to a very dark room, I have some trouble adjusting."
- B. "I have to hold my newspaper farther and farther away from me when I read."
- C. "I have a little trouble telling if my same-colored shirts and blouses actually match; the colors seem the same to me."
- D. "It looks like I have a blank spot in the middle of what I'm trying to see."
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is "It looks like I have a blank spot in the middle of what I'm trying to see." Seeing blank spots in the middle of an object is a sign of central vision loss, which is a symptom of macular degeneration. Macular degeneration is a serious condition that requires immediate discussion with a healthcare provider to prevent further vision loss. Choice A, mentioning difficulty adjusting between bright and dark rooms, is a common issue related to changes in lighting and not a cause for immediate concern. Choice B, having to hold objects farther away when reading, is indicative of presbyopia, a normal age-related change in vision. Choice C, experiencing slight changes in color perception, is also a common age-related change and not an urgent issue that necessitates immediate discussion with a healthcare provider.
A school nurse provides information to the parents of school-age children regarding appropriate dental care. The nurse tells the parents that their children should perform which action?
- A. Brush and floss their teeth after meals and at bedtime
- B. Brush their teeth every morning and at bedtime and floss the teeth once a day, preferably at bedtime
- C. Brush their teeth every morning and at bedtime
- D. Brush and floss their teeth every morning and at bedtime
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: School-age children are capable of taking responsibility for their own dental hygiene. Establishing good oral health habits during childhood can lead to a lifetime of cavity prevention. The nurse advises the parents that their children should brush with fluoride toothpaste and floss between their teeth after meals and before bedtime. This routine helps maintain good oral health and teaches children the importance of dental care. Choice A is the correct answer as it emphasizes both brushing and flossing after meals and at bedtime, which are crucial for effective dental care. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not stress the significance of both brushing and flossing after meals, which is essential for proper oral hygiene.
What effect can medication bound to protein have?
- A. reduced drug availability
- B. limited distribution of the drug to receptor sites
- C. less availability to produce desired medicinal effects
- D. decreased metabolism of the drug by the liver
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Medication bound to protein leads to less availability to produce desired medicinal effects because only unbound drugs can interact with active receptor sites. If a drug is bound to protein, it cannot bind with a receptor site, reducing its effectiveness. Choice A is incorrect because binding to protein reduces drug availability. Choice B is incorrect because distribution to receptor sites is ineffective if the drug is bound to protein. Choice D is incorrect because metabolism does not occur until the drug is removed from the protein molecule by the liver, allowing the protein to return to circulation.
The physician orders the antibiotics ampicillin (Omnipen) and gentamicin (Garamycin) for a newly admitted client with an infection. The nurse should:
- A. administer both medications simultaneously
- B. give the medications sequentially, and flush well between them
- C. ask the physician or pharmacy which medication to give first and how long to wait before giving the other drug
- D. start one medication now and begin the other medication in 2-4 hours
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is to give the medications sequentially and flush well between them. Ampicillin has a pH of 8-10, while gentamicin has a pH of 3-5.5, making them incompatible when given together. Flushing well between drugs is necessary to prevent any potential interactions. Option A is incorrect because administering both medications simultaneously can lead to incompatibility issues. Option C is incorrect because the nurse should already be aware of the correct administration sequence and not need to consult the physician or pharmacy each time. Option D is incorrect because delaying the second medication by several hours can slow down the treatment of the client's infection, which is not ideal in this scenario.