Nokea
A nurse fails to irrigate a feeding tube as ordered, resulting in harm to the patient. This nurse could be found guilty of:
- A. malpractice
- B. Negligence
- C. Harm to the patient
- D. Failure to follow the nurse practice act
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Negligence refers to the failure to perform a duty of care that a reasonable person would have exercised in the same situation, resulting in harm or injury to another person. In this scenario, the nurse failed to perform an ordered irrigation of a feeding tube, which is a standard nursing duty. This failure to act according to the orders resulted in harm to the patient, indicating negligence on the part of the nurse. Malpractice is a specific type of negligence that occurs when a professional fails to provide the standard level of care, so in this case, it falls under the broader category of negligence. Harm to the patient is the consequence of the nurse's negligence, and failure to follow the nurse practice act may be a contributing factor to the negligence, but the primary issue is the failure to provide proper care - which is negligence.
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Which of the following is a common oral manifestation of celiac disease characterized by enamel defects with horizontal or vertical grooves on the teeth?
- A. Dental caries
- B. Enamel hypoplasia
- C. Periodontal disease
- D. Oral candidiasis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Enamel hypoplasia is a common oral manifestation of celiac disease characterized by defects in the enamel of the teeth. These defects can appear as horizontal or vertical grooves on the teeth. Enamel hypoplasia is caused by disruptions in the formation of enamel during tooth development, leading to thin enamel or localized pitting. It can affect the appearance and strength of the teeth, making them more prone to sensitivity and breakdown. In individuals with celiac disease, enamel hypoplasia may occur due to malabsorption of essential nutrients like calcium and vitamin D. Therefore, when observing oral manifestations such as enamel defects with grooves, it is important to consider the possibility of celiac disease as an underlying cause.
Which of the following clinical findings is most consistent with a diagnosis of pneumonia?
- A. Inspiratory crackles and dullness to percussion
- B. Hemoptysis and pleuritic chest pain
- C. Clubbing of the fingers and cyanosis
- D. Decreased breath sounds and tracheal deviation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The clinical findings of inspiratory crackles (also known as rales) and dullness to percussion are most consistent with a diagnosis of pneumonia. Inspiratory crackles are abnormal lung sounds heard on auscultation and are typically due to the presence of fluid or mucus in the alveoli. Dullness to percussion can indicate consolidation of lung tissue, which is a common finding in pneumonia where the alveolar spaces are filled with inflammatory exudate. These findings suggest localized lung pathology and are commonly observed in patients with pneumonia. Hemoptysis and pleuritic chest pain (Choice B) are more suggestive of pulmonary embolism or pleurisy. Clubbing of the fingers and cyanosis (Choice C) are signs of chronic hypoxemia and are not specific to pneumonia. Decreased breath sounds and tracheal deviation (Choice D) are more indicative of conditions such as a pneumoth
A patient presents with foul-smelling diarrhea containing cysts upon microscopic examination. Which of the following parasites is most likely responsible for this infection?
- A. Giardia lamblia
- B. Entamoeba histolytica
- C. Cryptosporidium parvum
- D. Cyclospora cayetanensis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Entamoeba histolytica is a parasitic protist known to cause amoebiasis, a gastrointestinal infection that can lead to symptoms such as foul-smelling diarrhea containing cysts. Upon microscopic examination of the feces, the presence of Entamoeba histolytica cysts is a key diagnostic feature. This parasite can be transmitted through contaminated food or water, and individuals infected with Entamoeba histolytica may experience abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, and weight loss. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to manage this infection and prevent complications.
A patient presents with watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea after consuming contaminated water from a stream during a camping trip. Laboratory tests reveal oocysts in the stool sample. Which of the following parasites is most likely responsible for this infection?
- A. Giardia lamblia
- B. Entamoeba histolytica
- C. Cryptosporidium parvum
- D. Cyclospora cayetanensis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cryptosporidium parvum is a parasite commonly found in contaminated water sources such as streams or lakes. It causes an infection called cryptosporidiosis, which often presents with symptoms like watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea. The oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum can be identified in stool samples, making it the likely culprit in this scenario. Giardia lamblia, another common waterborne parasite, can also cause similar symptoms but is characterized by trophozoites rather than oocysts in stool samples. Entamoeba histolytica is associated with amoebic dysentery and does not typically present with watery diarrhea. Cyclospora cayetanensis is another parasite causing gastrointestinal symptoms but is not as commonly associated with contaminated water sources as Cryptosporidium parvum.
To ensure that the staff adheres to their job responsibilities which should be the appropriate toool should Nurse Mae utilize in evaluating staff performance?
- A. Memorandum
- B. Incident report
- C. Performance evaluation
- D. Anecdotal report
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Nurse Mae should utilize performance evaluations to ensure that the staff adheres to their job responsibilities. Performance evaluations are structured assessments that provide a holistic view of an employee's performance against established standards and job responsibilities. By conducting regular performance evaluations, Nurse Mae can objectively measure staff performance, identify areas of strengths and weaknesses, provide feedback for improvement, and set goals for professional development. This tool is essential for monitoring and managing staff performance effectively in a healthcare setting.