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A nurse has developed the following PICOT question: In adult men, is zinc supplementation as effective as vitamin C supplementation in reducing the length of respiratory viral infections over six months? The nurse identifies "zinc supplementation†as which part of the PICOT question?
- A. Population
- B. Intervention
- C. Comparison
- D. Outcome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Intervention. In a PICOT question, the 'Intervention' refers to the treatment or exposure being considered. In this case, the nurse is comparing zinc supplementation to vitamin C supplementation, making zinc supplementation the intervention being studied. The 'Population' would be adult men, 'Comparison' would be vitamin C supplementation, and 'Outcome' would be the reduction in the length of respiratory viral infections. The other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately represent the specific focus of the intervention being studied in the question.
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Which data is the nurse examining when assessing the presence of certain chemicals in the blood and urine samples from a community?
- A. Toxicology data
- B. Biomonitoring data
- C. Exposure assessments
- D. Environmental burden
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Biomonitoring data. Biomonitoring involves measuring chemicals or their metabolites in biological samples like blood and urine to assess human exposure levels. This data helps nurses understand the presence and levels of chemicals in the body. Toxicology data (choice A) focuses on the adverse effects of chemicals on biological systems, not their presence. Exposure assessments (choice C) involve determining how individuals come into contact with chemicals, not directly measuring the chemicals in samples. Environmental burden (choice D) is a broader term that includes the impact of chemicals on the environment, not specifically focused on human samples.
Which action will the public health nurse perform when conducting an ethical community study?
- A. Require each participant who provides informed consent to complete the study.
- B. Obtain informed consent only from vulnerable populations.
- C. Get informed consent only if the risks of participating in the study are high.
- D. Obtain informed consent from each participant in the study.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because obtaining informed consent from each participant in the study is a fundamental ethical principle in research involving human subjects. This process ensures that participants are fully informed about the study, its risks, benefits, and their rights before agreeing to participate. This protects their autonomy and respects their right to make an informed decision about taking part in the study. Requiring each participant to provide informed consent also promotes transparency and trust between researchers and participants. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not uphold the principle of obtaining informed consent from each participant, which is essential for ethical research conduct.
A nurse in the infectious disease division of the local health department is caring for a client. Which of the following infections should the nurse identify should be reported to the health department?
- A. Clostridium difficile
- B. Herpes simplex virus
- C. Chlamydia trachomatis
- D. Human papilloma virus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chlamydia trachomatis. This infection should be reported to the health department because it is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can have public health implications. Reporting helps track and control the spread of the infection, ensure proper treatment for the affected individual, and prevent further transmission. The other choices (A, B, and D) are not typically reportable to the health department as they are not considered communicable diseases that pose a significant public health risk. Reporting these infections may not be necessary for public health surveillance or intervention purposes.
Which of the following is the best way to increase the number of persons who come to their screening test appointments?
- A. Reminding clients via telephone, e-mail, or mail
- B. Emphasizing long life and happy family when conditions are caught early and treated successfully
- C. Pointing out how inexpensive and convenient screening tests are
- D. Stressing the dangerousness of the condition if not caught early
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Reminding clients via telephone, e-mail, or mail. This is the best way to increase attendance as it utilizes multiple communication channels to ensure clients are aware of their appointments. Reminders help reduce no-show rates by keeping the appointment fresh in their minds. Option B focuses on the benefits of early detection but does not address the issue of attendance directly. Option C emphasizes cost and convenience, but these factors may not be the primary motivators for attending appointments. Option D uses fear tactics, which may not be effective for all individuals and could lead to avoidance. Overall, option A is the most practical and effective method to increase attendance at screening test appointments.
Which was a duty performed by district nurses in Liverpool, England, in 1865?
- A. Use epidemiologic knowledge and methods
- B. Encourage community organization
- C. Report facts to and ask questions of physicians
- D. Assist physicians with surgery in the newly constructed hospitals
- F. Identifying potential negative outcomes due to exposure to the toxic chemicals
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. District nurses in Liverpool in 1865 reported facts to and asked questions of physicians. This duty was crucial for proper patient care as it ensured that physicians were informed about the patient's condition and could provide appropriate treatment. Other choices are incorrect because: A) Epidemiologic knowledge and methods were not commonly used by district nurses at that time. B) Encouraging community organization was not a primary duty of district nurses. D) District nurses did not typically assist physicians with surgery. F) Identifying potential negative outcomes due to exposure to toxic chemicals was not a common duty of district nurses in 1865 Liverpool.